Adidas Promotional Campaign

The purpose of this case assignment is to evaluate Adidas new promotional campaign and rank the key factors affecting its success. Promotion serves as one of the fundamental tenets in marketing mix. Promotion is the communication of information by a seller to charm the attitudes and behaviors of potential buyers. 1 (Christ). Advertising, sales promotion, and public relations comprises promotion which are used to target specific buyers. These three aspects of promotion work together to draw off and retain potential and existing buyers and also highlights the foundation of Adidas promotional campaign for the Beijing Olympics. Sportswear manufacturer Adidas recent merger with Reebok represents increased clout the steadfastly can use exert on Nike in upcoming promotions for the Olympics. Nike which currently holds the majority of athletic footwear market has done an excellent job promoting its products to counsel on target markets. Both manufacturers target the same markets which in clude the Basketb on the whole, Soccer, and Footb all in all athletes, as well as, Hip skip over culture. 4 Promoting sales of sportswear with the use of professional athletes has been a venture both Adidas and Nike have done very well. However, Adidas took a big hit when Nike was capable of capitalizing on the Hip Hop Nation, or subculture closely intertwined with doing sportswear. Rapper artist, Nelly, wrote a song about Nike shoes in 2005, underscoring Nikes image change from solely performance sportswear to including fashionable and cool.Adidas returned with signing performing artists Jay-Z, Missy Elliott, and 50-Cent to their sportswear lines. Promotional campaigns by both Adidas and Nike reflect consumer focus when purchasing athletic array is not solely tied to performance, and suggests that some consumers view athletic apparel as a reflection of personality and a fashion statement. A posture from Gonzalo Basilico, a 12 yr old student, supports this notion, I bid Adidas , but I still prefer Nike for the fashion, colours, combinations . . Its all Nike at school. Everyone talks about Nike, no one talks about the others. 5 Adidas merger will allow them to compete on multiple fronts, and also eliminates the no. 3 contender, Reebok, from the competition. The combination of the dickens will allow Adidas to focus on both performance and fashion sportswear. Adidas styled high heel shoes pictured on their website, indicate a electrical switch Adidas intention of attempting to claim both the performance and fashion athletic apparel markets. Moreover, Adidas will be able to promote their brands Adidas and Reebok by targeting specific athletic groups like Soccer and Football respectively, that hold one or the other in high regards. 7 Both Adidas and Nike have robust advertising campaigns. Webpage, television, and magazine advertisements all suggest that the products are not merely performance sportswear, theyre fashion statements. Adidas iconic 3 stripes a nd Nikes swoosh are plastered all of over their advertisements and products.The icons which at first were a company logo, represent a designer label that consumers want. Adidas division of efforts amongst the Adidas and Reebok lines will serve them well in the future. Reebok will be focused on middle priced shoes, while Adidas will focus on high end sport performance and fashion. Division of efforts between the two will pose a formidable advantage against, Nike, the current no. 1 contender in the sport performance apparel market. References 1. Christ, P. (2008). Principles of Marketing. Retrieved 20 JUL 08 from http//www. knowthis. om/tutorials/principles-of-marketing/promotion-decisions/1. htm 2. Unknown (2008). The Promotional Mix. Retreived 20 JUL 08 from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Promotional_mixcite_note-0 3. Kiley, D. (2005). Reebok and Adidas. Retrieved 20 JUL 08 from http//www. businessweek. com/bwdaily/dnflash/aug2005/nf2005084_8340. htm 4. Ibid. 5. Richardson, B. (2005 ). Adidas Bid Raises Image Concerns. Retrieved 20 JUL 08 from http//news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/business/4741343. stm 6. Adidas (2008). Adidas Homepage. Retrieved 20 JUL 08 from http//www. adidas. com 7. Kiley, D. (2005).

Empirical Formula of a Hydrate-CE Essay

Conclusion and EvaluationAspect 1 Based on the interpreted data of group A, the empirical face of atomic number 13 chloride did not stay the same. The expected empirical formula was. In group A the empirical formulas ar as followedGroup NameEmpirical formulaLaurie & JordanRica, Victoria & StephanieVince & JoshJane & KaitylnSo, as a group, we all had a different outcome of the empirical formula but the percent composition of water is the same for all. 11.2% for hydrogen and 88.8% for oxygen as shown in table 7.3.A random error would be the measurement of the hydrate crystal. A scoopula was used to measure 3g. similarly an some other one would be the electronic balance having an uncertainty of 0.001g. A systematic error would be heating the evaporating parcel out through a wire mesh instead of a clay triangle.You notice that the theoretical yield and experimental yield values are shown in a pie graph. Both of the pie graphs are the exact same as both percentages are 11.2% and 8 8.8%. In these pie graphs, neither trends nor patterns apply.Aspect 2 The procedural flunkes are stated above. For example the measurement of the hydrate crystal wouldve affected the lab. There wasnt an accurate measurement so that couldve affected the weight of the final product or the reaction of the product. Another weakness was that the evaporating dish was being heated through a wire mesh instead of a clay triangle. The wire mesh had a white finishing on it, so therefore the evaporating dish was being heated indirectly and the wire mesh would absorb the heat itself. This would affect the heating process of the evaporating dish and the substance inside of it. There were a few assumptions made in this particular lab. They are as followedAssumptionPossible effect on the exitAll of the moisture was removed from the evaporating dishIf all the moisture wasnt removed, then an accurate and precise reaction isnt obtained.The aluminum chloride was pureIf alloyed aluminum chloride was used then other products could have formedThe only substance reacting with the aluminum chloride was itself as a hydrate formThis could have had other reactions which therefore will affect the products formed.All of the aluminum chloride hydrate evaporatedCould possibly effect the measurement of the weight3g of aluminum chloride was added to the evaporating dishObviously if there were less(prenominal) or more than 3g added, it will affect the outcome resultThe quality of the data was fair. The precision and the true of the aluminum was absent since it was measured by a scoopula and estimation. Although, the same balance was used to weigh all the raft, therefore the accuracy of those measurements were present with the exception of the uncertainty0.001g.Aspect 3 If this lab were to be redone, I think that everything should stay the same besides 2 factors which are the use of wire mesh and the measurement of the hydrate crystal. If we were to use a clay triangle instead of the wire mesh, the evaporating dish would have been directly heated instead of being indirectly heated. This would remove the systematic error. A better precision and accuracy would be obtained if we actually used a measuring device. For example, a measuring spoon wouldve been more accurate than the scoopula. Using the same balance for all masses would obtain greater control of variables and reduce the random error.

Analysis of Albert Ellis’s Life Experiences and Psychological Philosophies Essay

At the age of 12 his parents divorced (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). These dickens life-altering pillowcases were, in part, what led him to begin focusing his mind on understanding people (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). In junior high school Albert Ellis dreamed of becoming a great novelist (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997) but by the period he reached college age, he obdurate it might be much(prenominal) practical to become an accountant instead. However, he programmened to retire by the age of 30 so that he could then take up writing at his aver leisure (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997).Due in part to the Great Depression, his goals changed but he did go on to graduate college in 1934 with a degree in business (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). After graduation he and his br opposite became entrepreneurs and started their ingest business. They sold pants purchased from the garment district (DiGiuseppe 1989, E llis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). In 1938 a gift and novelty firm sedulous him as their personal manager.Some of his controversial articles embarrassd The Influence of Heterosexual Cultures on the Attitudes of Homosexuals (1951) and Prostitution Re-assessed (1951) both of these articles were written for the International Journal of Sexology (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis writings were groundbreaking material that opened the door to the sexual conversion of the 1960s and the queer and lesbian rights movement in the 1970s (Ellis 1992). These writings were controversial at that time and may have stigmatized or put a prejudicial label on Albert Ellis.However, these writings as well as references from his friends was how he formed his leaf node base (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Ellis 2004). Most of Albert Ellis early clients were item-by-items and couples suffering from sex, neck and marital problems (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis also grew his private practice through publicity from his talks, whole shebanghops, radio, and television presentations which led to referrals from a reckon of psychologists with whom he had no personal relationship with (Ellis 1997).Besides maintaining a full-time private practice, Albert Ellis also entrap the time to become the first Chairman of the first Committee on Private Practice of the segment of Clinical Psychology of the Ameri grass Psychological Association (Ellis 1997). During that time he conducted a study of the members of the American Psychological Association (Ellis 1997). This study showed that only 56% of the American Psychological Association members were containd in some kind of paid private practice, and only 30% devoted 20 or more hours a week (Ellis 1997).Only a few persons including Albert Ellis were in full-time private practices (Ellis 1997). Albert Ellis also worked with sacred Ilsley Boone on a New York District Federal move to legally sell nudis t magazines (Ellis 1997)_. _ They befuddled the New York District Federal court case and immediately start working on a brief for the United States Supreme Court and alternately reversed and New York district Federal Court decision (Ellis 1997). This was a major victory for nudists across the country (Ellis 1997). Albert Ellis quickly became an Idol for mevery American nudists (Ellis 1997).Philosophical and Psychological Beliefs Albert Ellis experimented with various forms of psychotherapy following therapies that he believed work better than others and disregarded everything else. Albert Ellis began mental synthesis his own therapeutic process and started questioning traditional Freudian psychoanalysis. In 1953 Albert Ellis started calling himself a clinical psychologist instead of the traditional psychoanalyst label (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1997, 2004). Albert Ellis thought that this change of title would separate him from the classical psychoanalytic practices (DiGiuseppe 19 89 , Ellis 1997, 2004).Albert Ellis had a passion for reading early philosophy e. g. Epictetus and Spinoza (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1992). Albert Ellis also read famous works from the expanding psychologist of his time e. g. Alfred Adler and Karen Horney (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1997, 2004). His study of philosophy and psychology also led him to become interested in understanding the philosophy of happiness. Albert Ellis came to the conclusion that if an individuals basic needs were met, the individual would be happy. He found that basic needs were only part of the equation for personal happiness.Albert Ellis then focused on negative thoughts. Albert Ellis thought that if people had a sagacious philosophy of life they would rarely be emotionally disturbed (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1997, 2004). Albert Ellis formulated a theory that psychological issues and emotional issues of the individual were causing the negative thoughts or what Albert Ellis called incoherent beliefs (Ellis 199 7, 2004). Rational Emotive behavioural Therapy Basics Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) is a therapy in which individuals change their perceived believes just about perceived negative events.Albert Ellis acquired several disabilities such as diabetes, tired eyes, lacking(p) hearing, as well as other physical handicaps (Ellis 1997). Albert Ellis used Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) to repress his negative perceptions of his disabilities. If you really accept it, and live whining about it, you can turn some of its lemons into quite rich lemonade (Ellis 1997). Albert Ellis used rational emotive airal therapy (REBT), on himself, in 1943 soon after he became a practicing psychologist (Ellis 1997, 2004).Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) is an important and useful therapy still used today. First, an individual must be aware of their incorrect thoughts or explain to the individual that the track they perceive an event is erroneous. Then, the individua l must substitute the chimerical thought with rational thought. Finally the individual believes in unlearned self bankers acceptance (USA) (Ellis 1997, 2004). Unconditional self acceptance (USA) is when an individual learns to accept and love their self for who they are rather than what they do.The unconditional self acceptance (USA) is reached when the low frustration valuation account (LFT) is raised and ultimately achieves high frustration tolerance (HFT) (Ellis 1997, 2004). The first principles of REBT Albert Ellis believed emotional problems that an individual suffers from are the link to a set of irrational beliefs held about themselves, others, and the world they live in. These rational beliefs perpetuate negative self talk in the individuals consciousness. The negative self talk puts emphasis on shoulds, oughts, and musts of irrational mentation.Rational emotive behavioural therapy attempts to replace these irrational beliefs with new rational thoughts. The process of functioning the client change their irrational believes is a two touchstone process. The first step is setting up or choosing for themselves certain happiness producing values, purposes, goals, or viewls and effective, flexible, scientific, logico-empirical sic slip expression to achieve these values and goals and upload boarding contradictory or self defeating result (Ellis 1997, 2004). Rational beliefs or irrational beliefs shape who we are how we act.Albert Ellis created an alphabet deterrent eccentric to help both the client and the therapist engage and treat unrealistic, immature, and absolutist modes of view into realistic, mature, logical, and a realistic approach to persuasion (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). The A in the ABC model refers to the activating an event. Activating events are events that trigger or cause our beliefs and perception. The Activating event could be a real piazza that the individual had experience are could be inferred event were individual the ir own meeting contrary to what the situation was (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 2004).In Either case the activating event is negative stimuli cause by an event or situation triggers any irrational belief (Ellis 2004). The B in the ABC model is beliefs that shape an individual emotions and behaviors (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). In other word, an individual who experiences an activating event then forms a belief based upon that activating event affecting their decision-making about their consequences and/or reaction to other stimuli (Ellis 2004). These Beliefs can either be youre rational or rational (Ellis 2004).The C in the ABC model stands for the consequences of the irrational beliefs (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). in that respect are emotional and behavioral consequences, either despotic or negative, to a set of beliefs about the activating event (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). Individuals that suffer from irrational beliefs about a given situation lead likely suffer from un siz able negative emotions (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). Unhealthy negative emotions are extreme emotions that can manifest themselves in a variety of forms e. g. guilt, anxiety, andor depression (Ellis 2004).The extreme negative feelings are so penetrating that the individual discomfit with these emotions often cannot function normally (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis does not believe that one should live a life free of negative emotions (Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis believed that healthy negative emotions were emotions that were relatively low in intensity (Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis believed that the healthy negative emotions experienced in a mentally healthy individual can modify behavior for the betterment of the individuals life (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 2004).Albert Ellis later added the (D), (E), and (F) to his ABCs ofRational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (Ellis 2004). The D is disputing the irrational beliefs that the individual possesses about the activating event (Ell is 2004). The E or effect the person feels is only achieved when the individual or client successfully disputes the irrational belief and replaces the irrational belief with a rational belief (Ellis 2004). This entrust ultimately lead to a new effect in the persons behavior. The effect result then lead the individual to a healthier and happier focusing of feeling F (Ellis 2004).The application of the rational emotive behavioral therapys ABC model allows people to visualize how their reactions to events are formed (Ellis 2004). once an individual visualizes how irrational beliefs are formed and changes their behavior negatively therapy will, more than likely, be successful. The 4 go of applying the ABC model Rational emotive behavioral therapy is an approach that makes the client participates in an active role in the therapy process. There are four steps in applying the ABC model.As the client Progresses through the four steps will work through an individuals irrational beliefs and use certain skills to combat any irrational beliefs that may arise after private counseling has ended (Ellis 2004). Step one is to denounce the individuals or clients irrational beliefs in their current mode of thinking (Ellis 2004). In many cases the individuals of clients have had these irrational beliefs for so long that they cannot distinguish their irrational beliefs from normal rational beliefs (Ellis 2004).Also when the individual or the client has family and friends reinforcing their irrational beliefs, even though the irrational beliefs may not fall into societal norms, only reinforces the idea that their irrational beliefs are rational or normal (Ellis 2004). The first step, basically, outlines the treatment plan and formulates a plan of action to dispute the irrational beliefs. Clients must be aware of their irrational and rational beliefs and distinguish the differences among the two different beliefs.In step two the client or individual expands their understanding of what is irrational and what is rational (Ellis 2004). This step is similar to step one, but step two the therapy is more in-depth and intense. In step two the client or individual must be made aware of their irrational beliefs and how the individuals irrational beliefs are perpetuating their own turmoil (Ellis 2004). If the client or individual continues to think unreasonable or irrational, they will repeat their irrational behavior and have continued unpleasant feeling that interrupt their normal way of life (Ellis 2004).In showing the individual or client the pattern of their irrational beliefs and the consequences their irrational beliefs confab on them is detrimental to the success of their treatment (Ellis 2004). Only when the client can distinguish the difference in the midst of rational beliefs and irrational beliefs, can realize that the negative problems they are having are in direct correlational statistics with their irrational beliefs, and can see the pattern they follow when irrational beliefs are present (Ellis 2004). Step terzetto begins once the previous objectives have been met.In step three the individual or client will learn how to stop illogical or irrational beliefs and change the irrational and negative pattern into a new logical and rational mode of thinking and behaving (Ellis 2004). This is achieved when the individual ceases the negative self talk and stop the irrational beliefs from affecting their mode of thinking (Ellis 2004). Many individuals have their irrational beliefs so embedded in their mode of behaving and their mode thinking that the individual may not even be aware that their irrational beliefs are irrational (Ellis 2004).The client with help from their therapist will attempt to identify the irrational beliefs from the rational beliefs (Ellis 2004). In the fourth and final step the client has identified their irrational beliefs (Ellis 2004). The client along with the help of the therapist, work to modify the clien ts negative way of thinking and identify and change the clients irrational beliefs into rational modes of thinking (Ellis 2004). The therapist works with the client until a new set of rational beliefs are fashioned (Ellis 2004).Once the irrational belief arranging is replaced by a more rational and logical belief system the client will notice negative feelings and negative behaviors change into a more positive feelings and positive behaviors (Ellis 2004). The rational emotive behavioral theapry techniques used by the therapist to dispute irrational beliefs can variegate from client to client depending on the type of the client and modes of irrational thinking REBT Techniques Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy is a multimodal form of therapy (Ellis 2004).Some of the different techniques used in Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy include Disputing the clients irrational beliefs, changing the language of the client, and emotive techniques like role contend and rational emotive inv entory (Ellis 2004). These different techniques can be used to modify several types or irrational behaviors caused by irrational beliefs e. g. anxiety, depression, anger, and addictions (Ellis 2004). These techniques show the client how to refute their irrational beliefs in a distinct and rapid method.Disputing the clients irrational beliefs technique is a technique that makes the client challenge their beliefs and modes of thinking (Ellis 2004). In this technique the therapist presents a series of questions such as Why do you gull this? or Why must it be this way? When the client answers these questions the client start to realize that the way they are thinking is irrational (Ellis 2004). The language of the client technique disputes the shoulds and the oughts in the clients way of thinking (Ellis 2004). In most cases the language used by the client forms their irrational way of thinking (Ellis 2004).By changing the shoulds and the oughts into wishes, wants, and desires may chang e the clients irrational beliefs (Ellis 2004). Example of Self-Application of REBT The techniques outlined by Albert Ellis shows how simplistic but meaningful Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) can be (Ellis 2004). Take for example when Albert Ellis gets impatient or angry about his various limitations (Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis says to himself Too damn terrible I really do not like taking all this time and effort to deal with my impairments and wish to colliery that I didnt have to do so. But alas, I do.It is hard doing so many things to keep myself in a relatively healthy condition, but it is much harder in the long run and much more painful and deadly, if I do not keep doing this. There is no reason any(prenominal) why I absolutely must have it easier than I do. Yes it is unfair for me to be more afflicted than many other people are. But, damn it, I should be just as afflicted as I am Unfairness should exist in the worldto me, and to whomever else it does existbecause i t does exist Too bad that it doesbut it does sic Albert Ellis lived a full and rich life filled with controversy and an outspoken attitude.Albert Ellis fought for gay and lesbian rights and the right to send uncensored or obscene chain armour through the Federal mail system. Albert Ellis was also one of the first individuals start their own private practice as a psychologist.

Analysis of Kate Chopin’s “The Storm” Essay

Kate Chopins short story, The Storm, principally revolves around the subject area of adultery. This is depicted by the storys two main characters, Calixta and Alcee, who became involved in a momentary affair with one another. In the story, Alcee, who is Calixtas former lover, had to take refuge into her foot because of a strong storm passing by. Upon doing so, the two rekindled their past affections, which are mainly sensual, for each other. The reputation of adultery was first depicted the moment Calixta let Alcee into her home. This was also the first instance that the author showed that she whitethorn still have hidden desires for Alcee. This was vividly illustrated when Calixta was startled (Chopin) by Alcee as if she was in a day-dream (Chopin). Although she was mainly concerned for her husband, Bobint, and her son, Bibi, who both decided to remain on a store until the storm had passed, she finally gave in to Alcee when he hugged her and they subsequently had sex, which si gnifies that her feelings for him were still alive. However, despite the fact that adultery was evidently the main theme of the story, the actions of Calixta and Alcee had no negative consequences or adverse affects. This was shown when the author depicted that the sexual activity of the two heightened incisively as the storm ravaged the surroundings. In short, like any other storm, the author implied that adultery was commonplace and natural. This was further supported by the last sentence in the story which was So the storm passed and everyone was riant (Chopin). In other words, the storm symbolized, in a way, the adulterous acts of Calixta and Alcee. But the difference is, their actions did not adversely affect any character in the story as everyone remained happy.Works CitedChopin, Kate. The Storm. About.com. 2008. 27 September 2008 .

Revenue recognition Essay

The study has been conducted to harbour a view on tax income Recognition and how is important for entities in financial reputationing and the marry between gross quotation and imaginative write up.The primary issue in bill for tax taxation enhancement is to find out when to recognize revenue. gross is recognized when it is probable that future economic benefits result flow to the entity and these benefits support be c beful reliably. There atomic number 18 identifiable criteria to be met and for revenue to be recognized. By definition, Revenue is the rank inflow of economic benefits during the period arising in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity when those inflows result in adds in equity, separate than accessions relating to contributions from equity participants.The entities revenue may be arising from the exploits and events, such as the change of goods the rendering of go and the use by early(a)wises of entity assets yielding interest, royalties and dividends.The fruition criteria usu wholey employ separately to distributively execution. However, in authoritative circumstances, it is necessary to apply the identification criteria to the separately identifiable components of a single transaction in drift to reflect the substance of the transaction transactions atomic number 18 dealt with shall be measured at the fair assess of the consideration received or receivable.Fair value is the marrow of money for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arms length transaction.1 fanciful on the other get through nurtures to the use of invoice knowledge to go the reported figures while the jurisdiction of accountancy rules and laws, so that instead of showing the actual transaction or position of the connection, they reflect what the management want to verbalize the lotholders. It is the transformation of financial accounting figures from wh at they actually be to what preparer desires by taking advantages of the existing rules and /or ignoring close to of them2.There are number of shipway management can use to physical exercise Creative accounting such the choice of accounting policy and overly the use of artificialtransactions to Revenue Recognition. The focal agitate of this study lies more on the Revenue intuition a puppet of original accounting. The perplexity bearing is to maximize shareholders wealth. Sometimes Organizations performance do not always be good to meet this objective, Management may use germinal accounting tactics to create a good image of comp whatsoever (find ways to improve results) to meet the objective of shareholders. Also Management use creative accounting to maximize for their own wealth maximization, among other thing is end bonus and salaries incrementsLiterature ReviewRevenue recognitionFinancial reporting statements are woodpeckers to communicate entity performance to ess ential and external substance abusers of its financial results information. Revenue recognition is important aspect of organizational.The performance organization is measured based on the results from its operations activities and the bottom job (the profit) plays a significant role. Revenue is determinant of performance of Organization since the profit which is indicator of organizational performance is the results of the Organizations total revenue less total costs.Internation account Standard (IAS) 18 Revenue recognition, specify criteria to meet for revenue to be recognized in Financial Statements.By definition, Revenue is the double-dyed(a) inflow of economic benefits (cash, receivables, other assets) arising from the ordinary operating activities of an entity (such as sales of goods, sales of returnss, interest, royalties, and dividends) Recognition of revenue, recognition, as defined in the International Accounting Standard placard (IASB) Framework, means incorporating a n item that meets the definition of revenue (above) in the income statement when it meets the following criteria, that Its probable that any future economic benefit associated with the item of revenue will flow to the entity, and the amount of revenue can be measured with reliability.As mentioned, each use has its recognition criteria on top of the one mention. These are as follows Sale of goodsRevenue arising from the sale of goods should be recognized when all of thefollowing criteria have been satisfied i. The trafficker has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership ii. The seller retains n each continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold iii.The amount of revenue can be measured reliablyiv. It is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the seller, and v. The costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliablyRendering of servicesFor revenue arising from the rendering of services, deliverd that all of the following criteria are met, revenue should be recognized by reference to the stage of completion of the transaction at the balance weather sheet date (the percentage-of-completion method) i. The amount of revenue can be measured reliablyii. It is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the seller iii. The stage of completion at the balance sheet date can be measured reliably and iv. The costs incurred, or to be incurred, in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably.When the above criteria are not met, revenue arising from the rendering of services should be recognized unaccompanied to the extent of the expenses recognized that are re secreteable (a cost-recovery approach)Interest, royalties, and dividendsFor interest, royalties and dividends, provided that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the enterprise and the amount of reven ue can be measured reliably, revenue should be recognized as follows i. Interest utilise the effective interest methodii. Royalties on an accruals basis in accordance with the substance of the relevant cartel iii. Dividends when the shareholders right to receive payment is establishedCreative AccountingCreative accounting refers to the use of accounting knowledge to influence the reported figures, while re primary(prenominal)ing within the jurisdiction of accounting rules and laws, so that instead of showing the actual performance or position of the company, they reflect what the management wants to bear witness the stakeholders. Purposeful intervention in the external financial reporting process with the intent of obtaining some single(a) gain. There are some many ways management can use to practice creative accounting such as choices of accounting policies, use of artificial transactions and revenue recognition. In this study, our main taper will be on later, the revenue reco gnition.Revenue Recognition is the most manipulated item. Deloitte on its retread on what fraud scheme are most common, revenue recognition represent 41% of all fraud schemes in United States between 2000-2006.For Many Companies the revenue figure is a single aggregate big number. Creative accountant has always known that, one of the ways to en grownup profit is to inflate revenue. In achieving this goal first they manipulate fair value measurement criteria.The criteria are subjective and count upon the parties to the transactions integrity. The fair value determination is based on knowledge and willingness of the parties to the transactions. Secondly they recognize revenue before it is earned i.e. pre mature recognition of revenue. In composite plant transactions which involves the lengthy stages of sale in particular with accrual system.The recognition of revenue in terms of its timing can be very unclear, and accordingly the opportunity for utilisation occurs and this can facilitate premature recognition of revenue. Before looking how revenue recognition link with creative accounting, first we have to look the motive behind Creative accounting. Dr. Syed Zulfiqar Ali Shah and Dr. Safdar Butt in their article Creative Accounting A Tool to Help Companies in a Crisis or a Practice to Land Them into Crises which besides appeared on NBAA journal No.28 of April-June 2010states and explains the following as motives for creative accounting.To meet internal targetsThe managers want to cook the books for meeting internal targets set by higher management with respect to sales, positiveness and share prices.Meet external expectations.Company has to face many expectations from its stakeholders. The Employees and customers want long term choice of the company for their interests. Suppliers want assurance about the payment and long term relationships with the company. Company in addition wants to midpoint analysts forecasts and dividend payout pattern.Provide income smoothing.Companies want to show steady income stream to impress the investors and to keep the share prices stable. Advocates of this approach favor it on account of measure against the short-termism of evaluating an investment funds on the basis of the immediate yields. It also avoids raising expectations too high to be met by the management.TaxationThe creative accounting may also be a result of desire for some tax benefit especially when taxable income is measured through accounting numbers.Change in managementThere is another important tendency of raw managers to show losses due to poor management of old management by some eatableRevenue Recognition as method for Creative accounting practices There are number of ways management use to conduct creative management, among them is revenue recognition. Firms virtually have a free hand in timing the booking of their revenues at any stage starting from the moment sales contracts are signed till the promised product or service has been fully delivered to and accepted by the clients.For this we can refer to a classic example of Microsoft which was heavily fined by US SEC for its manipulative revenue recognition policy. Microsoft recognized only a small percentage (20-30%) as revenue at the time of the sale and remaining amount was kept as provision for future after sales services. Why Microsoft adoptive that strategy.The answer is to (1) hide substantial profits, (2) signaling effects, (3) avoiding complacency and last but not the least (4) to report smoothedearnings to its shareholders & stakeholders.3 Moreover, NBAA Account Journal vol.25 No 4 October December 2010, out demarcation line ways in which Revenue Recognition can be employ as a method of creative accounting. This overwhelm but not limited to popular revenue Manipulations and channel fecundation, triplex element arrangements, side earn or agreement and non substantive round trip arrangement, Bill and hold arrangements, backdated contracts and Fictitious transactionsCommon revenue ManipulationsRevenue recognition irregularities often involves both omission and commission acts which are inherently either or both inclusive and exclusive of creative accounting manipulation.In books and records include commissions such as morose entries,misstated contracts,back dating,misapplication of accounting standards.Commissions result into overstated revenue,mis-timing of recognition,overstated receivables.Channel StuffingChannel Stuffing is a practice of bring revenue forward from future fiscal periods.This is done by inducing customers to submit purchase orders in advance.Channel Stuffing is an example of real earning management which involves manipulation of real or normal operations to influence reported performance. A good example of channel stuffing is Coca cola channel stuffing practice of 1997 to 1999 where coca cola offered downheartedstream bottlers extended credit to induce them to purchase more than demanded.Multipl e element arrangements,IAS 18 provides guidance on revenue gain from the normal sale of goods and provision of services. The complex issues that arise from the principle-agent relationship and sextuple element arrangement .The revenue collected for third parties is not to be recognized by an entity.For example, in a telecommunication industry, operator firm form alliances and enter into human face letters or agreementThis involves act of seller to credit the buyer for unsold goods or to provide future stock rotation rights or to extend payment terms such that atransaction becomes a consignmentBill and hold arrangements,This include the sale of product and performing the warehousing service for the product.It is a contract of supplying goods where the seller transfer the title but does not transfer physically deliver the goods until a later date.The bill and hold arrangement are popular in the oil and gas industry as well as international sales.They are only acceptable when it is probably that the delivery will be made,the items on hand is identified and ready for delivery to the buyer at the time when sale is recognized, the buyer specialally recognizes the differed delivered instructions and the usual payment terms apply. The sale on bill and hold arrangement must satisfy conditions that the seller only retains the goods for safe keeping and transportation and the goods must not used by the seller to fulfill other orders.When these condition are met then sales can be recognized on a bill and hold arrangements. In practice these rules can be violated by seller and this go to be an act of creative accounting. The specific case in point would be on timing of the recognition between categorys as the transfer of risks and rewards can be distinguish and difficult to uncover. Therefore due to this the Revenue recognition can be shifted forward or backward to suit the needs of the creative accounting.Backdated ContractsBackdating of revenues contracts facilita tes early recognition of revenue than normally expected recognition date. Company must comply with any laws, rules and regulations relating to dating documents used in business. Any departure from this may attract litigation because such backdating may amount to fraud, forgery and condemnable offenses.Recognition of revenue earlier than its expected date act as a method of creative accounting because the financial statements for early recognition period will not present a truthful and fair value of the companys performance, rather performance results from manipulated figure through creative accounting. legitimate TransactionGenuine transactions can also be timed so as to go by the desired impressionin the accounts. As an example, suppose a business has an investment at past cost which can easily be sold for a higher sales price, being the accredited value. The managers of the business are free to choose in which year they sell the investment and so increase the profit in the ac counts Fictitious TransactionsFinancial Statements are inflated by recording sales of goods or services that never occurred or by inflating actual sales. This is one of the leading malicious manipulations than the other type of earning management because it engrosses documents falsification, forgeryand manipulation. On the other hand simulated revenue can be naturalized with side agreements, contra agreements (sales that offset a purchase transaction) and conditional sales.Practical ExampleXerox Corporation citation The Wall Street Journal, February 6, 2001Xerox Corporation had the habit of recognizing leasing payments as sales. In April 2002, after an investigation by the SEC, the American company was forced to reclassify its financial statements for the years 1997 to 2000 and reduce recognized revenues by US$3,000 million and profits by US$1,500 million, with equity being reduced in the analogous amount. As a result, the SEC fined Xerox US$10 million. By that time, the price of the companys shares had plummeted from US$62 to US$4.5.How did this company manipulate its revenue figures?Xerox sold customers photocopiers under long-term agreements, in which the customers paid a sum of money to Xerox, part of which was to purchase the machine and the other part to cover repairs and maintenance on a long-term basis. This was not problematic in itself from a bookkeeping perspective, provided that the amount corresponding to the sale price of the machine was recognized as revenue in the first year, positivistic revenues corresponding to maintenance services in the current year, transferring the rest of the received amount to deferred Revenues, which, in turn, were enter as salesin the year in which the repair services were rendered. So, if a photocopier, for example, is valued at US$100, and five-year maintenance costs US$50, the customer would pay Xerox US$150 when get the machine.The correct accounting method for recording this operation, if the transaction w ere performed on 1 January, would be to recognize US$110 of sales in year 1 and US$10 of sales in each of the following four years. Accounting malpractice on the part of Xerox consisted in recognizing US$125 of revenues from the sale of the machine, thus undervaluing the amount of future repair services, recording US$130 as revenues in year 1 and deferring only US$20 over the remaining four years of the contract. In this way, it increase year 1profits substantially and reduced future profits. The total amount of the transaction in sales remained the same (US$150) the problem is simply the timing of the recognition of these salesENRONEnron and other energy merchants earned profits by providing services such as wholesale trading and risk management in addition to create electric power plants, natural gas pipelines, storage, and processing facilities. When taking on the risk of purchase and sell products, merchants are allowed to report the selling price as revenues and the products costs as cost of goods sold. In ancestry an agent provides a service to the customer, but does not take on the same risks as merchants for buying and selling.Service providers, when classified as agents, are able to report trading and brokerage fees as revenue. Enrons method of reporting inflated trading revenue was later adopted by other companies in the energy trading industry in attempt to stay competitive with the companys large increase in revenue. Enrons use of distorted, hyper-inflated revenues was more important to it in creating the impression of innovation, high growth, and owing(p) business performance than the masking of debt. Between 1996 to 2000, Enrons revenues increased by more than 750%, rising from $13.3 one million million million in 1996 to $100.8 billion in 2000.This extensive expansion of 65% per year was unprecedented in any industry, including the energy industry which typically considered growth of 2-3% per year to be respectable for just the first nigh tclub months of 2001 Enron reported $138.7 billion inrevenues, which placed the company at the sixth position on the sight global 500.Group Discussion Regarding Revenue RecognitionThe Management objective is to maximize shareholders wealth and this is achieved when the companies they are managing are performing well, recording high revenue figure and a good bottom line figure, the profit.Though this study we have learn that, Revenue recognition and Creative accounting is a tool which is much deal a weapon. If used correctly it can be of great benefit to the user but if it is mishandled it can cause much harm. Many people are taking creative accounting as negative act the image to their mind is that creative accounting is dishonest act and manipulation of figures. Though the study we have learned out that Creative accounting has both advantages and disadvantages. It can back up the company to get out of a crisis than land them to a crisis. Therefore our discussion will focus much the advantages of creative accounting as the results of Revenue Recognition to the Organization.Not all aspects of revenue are covered under IAS 18 (Revenue Recognition), which give the room to management to use their judgments which will ends up with results favors position. For example IAS 18 provides guidelines on revenue gain from the normal sale of goods and provision of services. The revenue that arises from the principle-agent relationship and multiple element arrangement is not falls on the twain. Deciding whether one operator is acting as an agent in delivering of services is subjective and unclear. Thus the decision will be based on matter of judgment and circumstances of situation. When Management use their judgment to recognize revenue for situation like this we can not say they have manipulated the figure, therefore creative accounting become advantageous to them.Creative accounting also can be used in genuine transactions. For example, the disposal of Investment, the authorization of sale lies on owners but the decision on when to sale is on hands of Management. For example, if the Company have investment of TZS 2m at historical cost which can be easily sold for TZS 3m in current Value, when authorize to sale, the Management of Company are free to choose in which year to sell the investment and to increase profit in the company results.Due to the tendency of Investors preference on smooth income to up and downincome, Management would like to dispose this Investment in the period when they see the entitys performance is poor. The revenue from sale will serving to boost their performance and end up reporting smooth income and help to meet expectations. This is creative accounting, but applied on genuine transaction and according to the requirement of the transaction. Revenue recognition acts as a method of creative accounting but on genuine transaction.The two examples we have discussed explain in brief how weapon, creative accounting could be b eneficial to Company. When using creative accounting on in good manner, if the Company is in crisis, can help the company to take away loans from Bank, to attract Investors and also to motivate employees because not only lenders and Invertors interested with Company Performance, Employees also interested to watch their job security and this is important because will enable the Company to retain their key personnel and also attract more qualified workersConclusionCreative Accounting is both desirable and undesirable. It depends on the point of ones argument. The practice of creative management has some advantages and disadvantages. Creative accounting is a tool which helps a company to get out of crisis than to land in it. It is much like a weapon. If used correctly it can be a great benefit to the user. Some advantages of creative accounting as a result of revenue recognition has helped to stabilize share prices, helps/helped companies to straighten their borrowing limits and resc ue companies from hostiles takeover.On other hand it has brought more harm to companies especially through untimely corporate failures that have brought spacious losses to various stakeholders. Also the improper use of such creative accounting practices had fooled both auditors and regulators in the past and it continues to do the same.The complex and diverse nature of the business transactions and the latitude available in the accounting standards and policies make it difficult to handle the issue of creative accounting. It is not that creative accounting solutions are always wrong. It is the intent and the magnitude of the disclosure whichdetermines its true nature and justification. Revenue recognition can as a tool can enhance both advantage and disadvantages of creative accounting.When Revenue recognition applied on genuine transaction and company end up with good results it enhance the advantages of using creative accounting practices but the worse of it is when it is used to recognize revenue on artificial transactions and fictitious transactions, this end up landing the company into crisis like ENRON, this is disadvantages of practicing creative accounting.REFERENCE1. The Accountant. The Journal of the National Board of Accountants and Auditors Tanzania.No.4 October-December,2010 2. The Journal of the National Board of Accountants and Auditors Tanzania.Vol.25 No.28 April-June 2012 3. The Wall Street Journal, February 6, 20014. Oriol,AmatJournal of Economic Literature classification M41.Creative Accounting Nature, Incidence and Ethical Issues

Index Numbers of Commodity Prices and Industries

Index be pool of Commodity Prices and Industries In India list arrives are constructed for a wide range of economic subjects and their aim is constantly increasing. The construction of indication finger meter started in India as early as the last fourth of 19th century. The main use of index falls is to facilitate the assessment of average changes over the long time with regard to wide range of economic activities. Many official and non-official agencies compile and publish index number of various kind. Index number of industrial production The Index Number of Industrial production was first base compiled by the Office of theEconomic Adviser to the Government of India with base 1937 = 100. The index has been revised from time to time with comply to the base year, the basis of weighing and the coverage of items. The current index number is with base 1970 = 100 and the items cover are divided into four groups, viz. , i. Basic industries, it. Capital goods industries, iii. I ntermediate goods industries and v. Consumer goods industries. Index numbers of trade good determines Index Number of commodity prices may be broadly classified as index number of in large quantities prices and index number of retail prices. ) Index number of wholesale prices- The wholesale price index number are of two types i. The general purpose index is constructed with a view to reflect the changes taking place in the general price level hence it includes a large number of commodities. i. A sensitive index on the other hand serves as an indicator of the movements of the general price levels and it includes notwithstanding few important commodities which generally react quickly to the market trends. The current index number of wholesale prices has 1970-71 as the base year. (b) Index number of retail prices- The chief retail price index numbers ompiled in India are i.Labour bureau index number of retail prices for urban centres and it. Labour bureau index number of retail pr ices for rural centres. The Labour Bureau, Ministry of Labour, Government of India, compiles and publishes the index number of retail prices for 18 selected urban centres and 11 selected rural centres in various parts of the country on monthly basis. The index number initially had 1944 as the base. Now the construction of this index number is discontinued and it is replaced by simple price relatives of certain selected articles of consumption ith the calendar year 1960 as base year. c) Consumer price index numbers- The consumer price index number compiled and published by the Labour Bureau are important indicators of the changing economic slip in the country. At all India level three different series of consumer price index numbers are compiled. They are i. Consumer price index of industrial workers, it. Consumer price index for non-manual employees and iii. Consumer price index for outlandish labourers. http//classofl . com/homework-help/statistics-homework-help/

Marketing Segmentation of Tata Nano in India and Its Targeting and Positioning Strategy.

Contents commercialise Segmentation, Positioning, Targeting A case of Tata Nano in India EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Targeting and positioning strategy of Tata Nano and recommendations for the company are given. interpolation BACKGROUND According to Howard and Sheth (1969, p. 70), market breakdown depends on the idea that the company should segment or break open the market in such a way as to achieve sets of buyers Historic anyy sellers were engaged in mass selling. They were into the mass harvest-feastion, mass promotion and mass distribution of one product to all consumers in order to obtain economies of scale.This approach of marketing segmentation made the producers to compete against their competitors in terms of products and services. Kotler says the product differentiation is to provide variety to the buyers rather than to appeal to different segments. DISCUSSION CRITICISM OF MARKETING naval division When the size of the market is so small to do marketing When a brand is a sover eign brand in the market. When more number of people falls in the same category. Most of the brands do not operate within the same segment.Certain brands cannot fit into a particular segment which is a drawback to this strategy. In very small businesses and brands this strategy result not work and it is not possible. CASE OF TATA NANO IN INDIA AND ITS MARKET divider Tata Motors is the leading automobile manufacturer in India with a huge portfolio which includes trucks, passenger motorcars, buses, and good vehicles. Even though there are many products from Tata Motors an interesting case of Tata Nano is discussed further.Generally Tata Motors delineate the marketing segmentation concept and they have succeeded which already prevails in the history. Tata Nano which comes under the passenger car segment was launched in January 2008. Indias passenger car segment has been grown extraordinarily for the past four years and it was the happy strategy of Ratan Tata to launch a product i n that segment. Heading to the marketing segmentation of Tata Nano is quite a interesting. Tata Nano is specially designed and manufactured for the middle class and lower middle class people in India (Interview of Ratan Tata).Marketing Segmentation for Tata Nano Geographic rural areas, semi urban areas, small towns, large cities and metropolitans. demographic Age group people of age group above 18 (as the legal age for campaign in India is 18) Size of family family size not more than 5. Psychographic and behavioural ANALYSIS OF TATA NANOS MARKETING SEGMENTATION From the above segmentation vari sufficients and how Tata Nano is segmented, it is clear that the manufacturer wants his product to be used by almost everyone in all geographic conditions.In demographic segment the income group of $220 can easily purchase this car is mentioned. But again they say this can also suit the people who own cars already for the stake of increasing the count which adds privilege to them as well as their status. Even in the occupation category, it is mentioned that regenerate from students to any profession person can use Nano which again puts a lot of people in the category. TARGETING AND POSITIONING OF TATA NANO Tata Nanos targeting strategy starts from its tag line The peoples Car and the worlds inexpensive car.Tata Nano is segmented to the middle class and lower middle class people who had unaccompanied dreamt about cars which also include the people who earn $220 per month. Their target customers are those who are extremely worth conscious and have low latitude of acceptability. Industry wise they target the two wheeler industry, tether wheeler industry (which are more costly than nano), public transports as well to an extent. Hence determine is their most effective targeting strategy. (Admap magazine, www. warc. com/admap) Positioning of Tata Nano is solely based on its price which may also fit a drawback to them in future.Tata Nano is well positioned which will b e doing a marketing for the entire Tata Motors. As Nano will be the first gear car of many customers there will be a possibility of customers to follow Tata Motors if they have a good value for money product and good customer relationship management. As mentioned Nano will be the first car people will surely change their car and that index be possibly for another car in Tata Motors itself. Moreover Tata is also got a wide field of cars which are durable and better quality which suits Indian roads. (NDTV news) draw march drawrect drawframe drawframe drawframe drawframe CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The marketing segmentation concept is a good strategy in marketing but not applicable for all industries, services or products. Nano is got a good segmentation and its well targeted and positioned. As Nano is targeting people with its price strategy, in future due to some inflation if value of money increases they might not be able to convince their customers. Tata is a good reliable br and in India and now the positioning of Nano as the first car of many people will surely help them in growing their Tata Motors organisation.REFERENCES Caroline Tynan and Jennifer Drayton, ledger of marketing management, 1987, 2, No 3, 301-335. Smith, W. R. (1956), Product differentiation and market segmentation as alternative marketing strategies, _Journal of Marketing, _2J (3), pp. 3-8. Baker, M. J. (Ed) (1984), Macmillan dictionary of Marketing and Advertising, London, Macmillan. Haley, R. L (1968), Benefit segmentation A decision-oriented research tool, Journal_ of_ Marketing, 32(3), pp. 30-35. Chisnall, P. M. (1985), Marketing A Behavioural Analysis (2nd edition). Maidenhead, Berkshire, McGraw-Hill UK Ltd. Lunn.T. (1978), Segmenting and constructing markets. In Consumer Market Research Handbook (2nd edition) (Eds. ) Worcester, R. M. and Downham, J. , London, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. (UK) Ltd. , pp. 343-376. Haley, R. L (1968), Benefit segmentation A decision-oriented researc h tool, _Journal of_ Marketing, 32(3), pp. 30-35. Siddharth Vinayak Patankar, (2009), _NDTVs review of the Tata Nano_, NDTV Profit Online, http//profit. ndtv. com/2009/03/23220600/How-does-the-Tata- Nano-drive. html. www. tatanano. inservices. tatamotors. com Joseph Sassoon, Admap magazine, www. warc. com/admap.