What type Of Fan Are You Essays - Fans, Fan, Hobbyists,

There are different types of sport fans you commonly see at a sporting event. The first type of fan is the fantasy type; they are fans of individual players, and really don?t follow one specific team. The fantasy fan has knowledge of what type of sport activities there is. The second type of sports fan is the bandwagon type. These type fans that have no knowledge of what is going on or who is even playing. They also don?t follow one specific team just the teams that are winning or leading in there standings. The next type of fan is the diehard fan; these fans usually follow one specific team and generally are a season ticket holder. They do know information about their team only and no other teams. They usually own their teams clothing apparel also, for example of items is hats, jerseys, coats, and jackets. The final type of sport fan is the partier type. These types of fans don?t care about nothing, but what is there to drink and where is the buffet at. No knowledge of the type of g ame played, or what teams are even playing. They don?t follow stats or players. As you can see, there is a wide variety of sport fan types.

Effective Studies Skills Essays

Effective Studies Skills Essays Effective Studies Skills Essay Effective Studies Skills Essay Effective study skill OMG Iâ„ ¢m gonna fail, I know it! doesnâ„ ¢t this sound all too familiar to you Itâ„ ¢s known as the Iâ„ ¢m not good enough syndrome. Everyone has fears. Itâ„ ¢s quite natural. The great American industrialist Henry Ford said if you think you can, or think you canâ„ ¢t â€Å" you are right! what he was saying is that intention and expectation shape our actions. Good morning everybody, firstly I would like to welcome you to the senior year of study that will round off your secondary school. It is the year that will lead either to further study or to the learning experiences of the workplace. I believe many of you, by this time you should have set up your personal goal. In order to achieve your goal, you firstly need to overcome your fears and you attain effective study skills. Thinking positively is the first step towards success. Here is a simple ABC formula you can use to overcome your fears. A for action! Nothing can be done without action, so get started now! B is for belief. Itâ„ ¢s terribly important to have the sense that you are capable of doing what it is your desire. So yeah, I guess you can practise saying I can do it and I will for ten times everyday until the words become as much a habit as breathing, and the action which follows becomes as instinctive as the blinking of your eyelids! C for commitment, it is the stick at it or never say die factor. Keep in mind the famous quote by Thomas Edison genius is ten per cent inspiration and ninety percent perspiration. Ok, so if you are one of those confident students who believe that if you try hard you can achieve whatever you want, then you are very lucky! What you need now are some effective study skills. When friends ask me what makes for effective study, I tell them four things. You must have a right place, a time, a plan and a tidy approach. You need to have a special place for your study thatâ„ ¢s completely free of distractions. That means, donâ„ ¢t study with your TV or msn on and make up excuses for yourself such as, Iâ„ ¢m not gonna watch it, and I wonâ„ ¢t chat! Thatâ„ ¢s right, if you not gonna use them, TURN IT OFF! Iâ„ ¢m sure your mum will be very please that you have helped to reduce the energy bill! Set up your room with a big table so you can spread out, and adjust the light so it strong enough to read but not too bright. Put up a noticeboard so can stick up all your maths formulas. It is vital to have your room arranged so itâ„ ¢s comfortable, not too hot (or youâ„ ¢ll go to sleep), not too cold (or you will be distracted by shivering) make sure that the chair you sit on is padded, and upright. No lounge chairs please! Obviously, you need to have regular hours set aside every day for study and nothing else. Iâ„ ¢m going to advice you that 10 hours per week of dedicated homework is absolute minimum for year 12. more than that is better, though beyond 20 hours you should be very careful indeed of the danger of burnout. Less then 10 hours you are asking for trouble. If you are an early bird you can rise at 6 and put in two hours before school, if you are a night owl study in the evening is best. It doesnâ„ ¢t matter when to study, as long as the time suits your personal rhythms of activities and concentration. Now how many of you uses a diary here Then you need to plan your study! A year planner is a great idea. This is a map of the whole year, with spaces for everyday. On it you write in all the projects, essays, exams and other events that will be parts of your year. A diary is a must; this has to go with you to school everyday. Whenever a teacher sets a deadline, you write it in your diary. The type of diary you buy is up to entirely, you donâ„ ¢t need to get the ugly school diary, but you just need to have one! (You can talk about time management as organising things, you can actually combine them into one paragraph) Itâ„ ¢s no good having your own room, your own desk, your own computer etc â€Å" and allowing them to get into a mess. Make sure your bookshelf is divided up by subjects. Mix the books and I guarantee you will lose them. Each subject must have its own folder, which stays together securely. That subject folder should be orderly, each section of the course with its own section. You might like to colour code each subject, for easier identification. Whenever you add anything new, it must go into the proper place. Then youâ„ ¢ll have no trouble finding your notes! Remember that itâ„ ¢s your life. You can make choices and follow then. You can set goals, motivate yourself, study effectively, without being stressed out of your brain. If you follow the simple rules I have just talked about, Iâ„ ¢m sure you can survive year 12! Nothing changes until we do. That I can promise! So good luck!

Business Models and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Models and Planning - Essay Example In this business; picking unused and old clothes, the daily operation includes creating awareness to the majority within the surrounding region of the business. The awareness will enhance the collection since people will see the essence of disposing of the clothes in a more fashionable way where they benefit from the entrepreneur who collects the clothes. In terms of equipment, those that are assigned to collect the clothes are equipped with enough storage materials and effective means of transport that helps in transporting the clothes from long distant places. Business operations involve the different process for effective management and daily operations for the success of the business (Greasley, 1999, p. 1). The process of collecting clothes starts from the point of notification to the surrounding residents where the activity will be conducted. Clothes are given in exchange for money for those who wish to sell theirs. However, since the business involve value addition to the collected clothes; the price for purchasing used or old clothes is relatively low compared to the normal price in the market. The business main activity is collecting old and unused clothes. The materials (clothes) are acquired from the neighboring residents and sometimes from different places. The method of acquisition is in line with the regulations of federal policies especially on the environmental issues. The clothes are collected from various collection points placed by the company under the management of different agents of the company. Since the business is associated with bulky jobs and many operations, the company gives the contract to some service providers to carry out the exercise on behalf of the company. Outsourcing the work to a service provider has added advantage especially to quality service provision. There are different techniques that the company can use to produce quality product, but, in this case, line production and continuous flow production will

Characterize both sides of only one aspect of the international debate Research Paper

Characterize both sides of only one aspect of the international debate concerning Global Warming - Research Paper Example Basically, global warming can be defined as the heating of the planet as a result of excessive temperature generated from green house gas emissions such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which trap heat causing increases in temperature (Brown 1996). The greenhouse gases allow light from the sun to come into the atmosphere and trap the outward bound infrared radiation to warm up the earth. However, the more greenhouse gases are in the atmosphere, the more heat gets trapped causing extreme climatic conditions which can negatively impact on the welfare of the people. Extreme climate conditions such as floods or recurrent droughts can be witnessed as a result of the effects of global warming. The melting of ice as a result of global warming results in increases of more water to the ocean and its level rises. As a result of the rising sea level, people living in areas below that sea level will be displaced. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been studying about global warming over the past few decades. Their most recent report, issued in February 2007 entitled: â€Å"Evidence is now ‘unequivocal’ that humans are causing global warming,† shows that the activities of the human beings are responsible for the cases of increasing global warming conditions. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the earth has already been showing many signs of worldwide climate change (United Nations News 2007). An increase of about three degrees is expected this century according to this report. The report notes that surface temperature has increased by about 0.74 degrees over the last 100 years. Larger values of glacier melting of abo ut 1m are expected by about 2100. Global warming has a number of negative impacts on the welfare of human beings. â€Å"Major impacts of climate change will be on rain fed crops (other than rice and

Moral Integrity in Health Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Moral Integrity in Health Administration - Essay Example As professionals of the healthcare field, they have been given ethical responsibility of managing the resources effectively. Under different situations, the professionals have to ensure that they make right decisions which will be beneficial for their patients and they should maintain moral integrity in their profession. The most difficult challenge that needs to be addressed is an equal, justified and fair treatment of every patient as there are huge variations in insurance coverage, medical costs, accessibility to healthcare facilities, technology availability and many more. In order to ensure that stewardship is practiced with respect, the professionals have to ensure that they give respect to the patients, families and peers in the entire decision-making process and relationship creation so that all details about treatment procedure are clearly understood by them and they agree with the final decision of the professional. As patients trust the doctors and nurses blindly, the stew ards have to ensure that the members of healthcare facility will abide by the set ethical standards for proper handling of medical procedures. The decisions taken by the professional should be accurate and according to the situation so that the patients trust the care. Decision making should be based upon facts and standard solutions rather than on beliefs and intuitions of the professionals. The ethical code of conduct reflects the sincerity and honesty level of any professional when dealing with providing services to the patients.... In order to ensure that stewardship is practiced with respect, the professionals have to ensure that they give respect to the patients, families and peers in the entire decision making process and relationship creation so that all details about treatment procedure is clearly understood by them and they agree with the final decision of the professional. As patients trust the doctors and nurses blindly, the stewards have to ensure that the members of healthcare facility will abide by the set ethical standards for proper handling of medical procedures. The decisions taken by the professional should be accurate and according to the situation so that the patients trust the care and treatments being provided to them. Decision making should be based upon facts and standard solutions rather than on beliefs and intuitions of the professionals. According to Wheatley (2006), a steward has to embed the value of respect within the ethical code of conduct so that the patients are given fair treatm ent and professionals such as doctors, physicians and nurses show their level of authenticity, self-knowledge, integrity, openness, trust and autonomy. The ethical code of conduct reflects upon the sincerity and honesty level of any professional when dealing with providing services to the patients. Stewards should be well aware of the vision and values of the healthcare and accordingly work towards achieving the vision of the healthcare organization. The stewards should focus on the core values that consist of fairness, integrity and respect for the members of the health care organization so that in return they are given respect for the services they provide to the healthcare organization. The people skills of stewards should be strong so that they can communicate well and also convince

Status and Capacity Utilization in Small Scale Industries

Status and Capacity Utilization in Small Scale Industries ABSTRACT Over the past year, the global economic crisis has exerted considerable influence on many business organizations of any size. Large industrial establishments have attempted to manage this crisis in their own ways. Amid all this, SMEs are increasingly being brought into focus on account of their huge growth potential. The present study aims at examining the status of small industries, industrial policy and capacity utilization of small industries and the reasons for not utilizing it to the fullest extent. Capacity utilization has been examined taking into account the location of the unit, industry group to which it belonged, year of establishment, form of organization, investment in plant and machinery, the entrepreneurs background and various reasons specified by the entrepreneurs. This study is empirical in nature and it is based on the data collected with the help of questionnaire. Efforts are also being made to offer suggestions. Introduction Small and medium enterprises have an important role to play in the present context due to its capacity for employment generation, technological innovation, raising exports and developing entrepreneurial skills. They reduce regional imbalances. They have been accorded a strategic position in the successive five year plans towards fulfilment of our socio-economic objectives and helped to achieve our dictum of growth with equity. Since the early 1990s, Indian SMEs have been exposed to intense competition due to the accelerated process of globalization. But at the same time, globalization has brought new opportunities and challenges to Indian SMEs. India used to support small and medium industrial sector since independence compared to many developing countries. Series of institutions have been set up by the Central Government, State Governments, and provided financial assistance, technical consultancy, information, technical input, training, legal advice, and marketing support and helped in the healthy development and progress of small and medium industries. But a pertinent question that has often been emerged here, whether their capacity has been utilized to the fullest extent or not. Through this paper an effort is made to study the capacity utilization of small scale and medium industries. Meaning and Definition In the Indian context, we have not so far succeeded in giving a definition to small and medium industries. What is neither small nor large industries is being loosely defined as medium industries. Here, the term enterprise encompasses business, services and industries. The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Bill, 2006, defined the segment on the basis of investments in plant and machinery. Small enterprises are those with an investment of not more than Rs 50 mn in plant and machinery, and medium enterprises with an investment of over Rs 50 mn but less than Rs 100 mn in plant and machinery. This definition has finally put the segment within a legal framework. Under the Act, enterprises have been categorized broadly into those engaged in (i) manufacturing, and (ii) providing/rendering of services. Both the categories have been farther classified into micro, small and medium enterprises, based on gross investment in plant and machinery for manufacturing enterprises, and in equipment in case of enterprises providing or rendering services, as shown in the following table. Insert Table 1 Here SMEs are not uniform across the globe. The way they are defined depends on th stage of economic development and the broad policy purposes for which the definition is used. The most commonly used definitions relate to either size of employment and or quantum of capital investments or fixed assets. As the process of economic development leads to changes in industrial sector shares in GDP and the contribution of sub-sectors within industry, the definition is extended to include not only manufacturing industries but all enterprises which fall within or below the defined cut off point. Small scale units engage themselves in various kinds of manufacturing such as manufacturing of metal alloys and products, machinery, electrical equipments, chemicals, drugs, electronics and miscellaneous products. But most of the small scale units have not been able to achieve capacity utilization to the fullest extent. A very few of them have been able to achieve a capacity utilization greater than 80%, as revealed by many surveys. Recent study conducted at Dakshina Kannada and Udupi Districts of Karnataka have indicated that more than 80 of the industrial units in the various industrial estates of the two districts are either closed or sick. The fact that the same scenario prevails throughout the country and the difference, if any, is only in degree and cannot be a consoling factor. We know that this situation is not good for the economy of the country and due to these financial institutions and the banks in the country themselves are becoming sick as it increases the non-performin g assets of industrial units and other enterprises. The position of Sick SSI and Weak and non-viable units financed by commercial banks are not encouraging. The following table throws light on the magnitude of sickness. Insert Table 2 here Despite several measures for the promotion of this sector, it is very disappointing to observe that its performance has not been satisfactory. The problems are many like finance, production, marketing, labour, which have resulted in under utilization of installed capacity. At the same time, power cut, lack of demand, lack of working capital are all hindering the full utilization of installed capacity. Objectives of the Study The present study is intended to examine the capacity utilization of selected small scale units in the Udupi Districts and to find out the reasons for it. The specific objectives are: To examine and project the existing performance level of industrial units in the study area. To investigate into the reasons for underutilization of capacity in the small scale units of target area. To examine the relation between the investment and capacity utilization. To examine the relationship between the age of the unit and the capacity utilization. to examine the relation between the background of the entrepreneur and capacity utilization To study the current status of the small and medium scale industries To study the industrial policy and importance of the small-scale industries. Limitation of Study The study is not free from limitations. Some of them are likely: Udupi district itself is not an industrialized area; hence based of this study we cannot make generalizations. The researcher collected data from only 100 respondents, out of which only 85 units responded. Few sample units did not maintain the books for recording their capacity utilization, production, etc. Hence collected data may be biased. Review of Literature A number of studies on the efficiency of small and medium industries were undertaken. Dhar and Lydall, Hajra, Sandesara (1966 and 1969) and Mehta studied the relationship between size and output-capital ratio by using the data from confederation of medium industries. Their report showed positive relationship. Bhavani (1980) conducted a detailed census of SSI units and concluded that the capital productivity of SSI units is lower than that of large scale units suggesting efficiency differences in line with the findings of Dhar-Lydall-Sandesara. Tambiinam T(2007) found out that the levels of productivity are higher in large enterprises (LEs) and foreign-owned enterprises than in small and medium enterprises (SMEs), partly because they have higher levels of technology capacity. He suggested that increasing the productivity of SMEs might be facilitated through improved knowledge or technology. Business outlook survey conducted by Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) based on preliminary analysis of responses from 352 small and medium members reveals a dull scenario (June 2003). However, the small and medium industry foresees an improvement in the business situation in the coming years and expects an increase in turnover of production, profit margins, capacity utilization and exports. According to the information collected from Small Scale Industrial Centers, Government agencies for small scale industries and some of the associations of the small scale industries, no in depth studies have been made till now on the capacity utilization of small scale industries. Under utilization of capacity may be considered as one of the problems, but neither the entrepreneurs nor the concerned authorities have taken up this issue very seriously. Empirical studies in several countries show that SMEs are characterized by Lower and more variable profitability (Dunlop, 1992; Cosh and Hughes, 1993; Peel and Wilson, 1996); Lower liquidity (Gupta, 1969; Chittenden et ah, 1996); Lower use of long-term debt (Chittenden et al., 1996; Levratto, 1997; Audretsch and Elston, 1997); Lower leverage (Rivaud-Danset et ah, 1998); Higher short-term debt (Tamari, 1980; Cosh and Hughes, 1993; Rivaud-Danset et al., 1998). In one the study conducted by Prof. Jayachandran, Narendra Kumar and Dr. Himachalam at selected small scale units of Tirupathi Industrial Estate revealed that 50% of the SMEs were utilizing 25% to 50% capacity and the remaining 50% were utilizing 50 to 75%. None of the studied units was utilizing more than 75% of plant capacity. Further it revealed that age of the unit alone is not accountable for the extent of capacity utilization. They concluded that entrepreneurial talents and problems, which confronted the unit, also influenced the level of capacity utilization in the small scale units. From the above review, it is obvious that few research studies have been undertaken on the subject capacity underutilization in SMEs. Hence, there is a research gap necessitating further study, particularly SSI sector and the problems confronted by them. This paper throws light the status of small and medium enterprises and their capacity utilization. Research Methodology The present study aims at examining the status of small industries, industrial policy and capacity utilization of small industries and the reasons for not utilizing it to the fullest extent. Capacity utilization has been examined taking into account the location of the unit, industry group to which it belonged, year of establishment, form of organization, investment in plant and machinery, the entrepreneurs background and various reasons specified by the entrepreneurs. This study is empirical in nature and it is based on the data collected with the help of questionnaire. Attempts have also been made to extract the correct information through discussion with the entrepreneurs. Chi-square test is applied to study the association between capacity utilization and variables like location of the plant, investment, age of the unit and background of the industrialists. Besides the primary data, necessary information and data also collected through secondary sources like periodicals, reports, Government, publications of industrial association, research organization, and company documents. Documents are also collected from District Industrial Centre of Udupi and Industries Association, Manipal. In the study, convenience sampling of 85 units were selected. Heterogeneous sample units were selected for the study. Importance was given for the amount of investment on the units and the location as well. Present Study There are 15 medium scale industries existing in the District. Among them printing, fishnet, granite, water gel explosives are the major industries. There are 5629 tiny and small scale industrial units registered in the District. Total amount of Rs. 218.49 crores has been invested in these units generating employment for 34,123 numbers. Table reveals the number of SSI registered, the total investment and employment generation by this sector. Insert Table 3 here Table shows the list of existing medium scale industries up to 31-3-2008. Insert Table 4 here The District has only one industrial area and it is located at Shivally Manipal, about 5 kms from Udupi town. There are 3 industrial estates one at Shivally, Manipal in Udupi Taluk and the others at Koteshwara in Kundapur Taluk and Karkala in Karkala Taluk. The District has ports at Malpe, Gangolly and Hangarakatte. But these ports are not used for commercial transportation, for commercial transportation the nearest port is New Mangalore port at Mangalore. The District has the nearest aerodrome at Mangalore Capacity utilization in a sample survey conducted at Udupi District. The study is based on data collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected from 85 Small Scale Industrial Units situated in an around the Udupi District. Table 5 shows the Capacity Utilization-Industry Group Classfication. Insert Table 5 here Table 5 shows that out of 85-sample units, 4 units (5%) utilized up to 25% while 13 units (15%) utilized between 26 to 50% of their capacities. 39 units (46%) utilized between 51 and 75% of their capacities and the remaining 29 (34%) utilized above 75%. It can be seen that nearly 20% of the sample units were not in a position to exceed 50% of their capacities. Insert Table 6 here Table 6 depict the capacity utilization of the units based on their location i.e. whether they are located in industrial estates, commercial area, residential area or non-residential area. Out of 55 units which were located in industrial estates 12 units (23%) used their installed capacities upto 50% only. In the case of units located in commercial area 2 out of 15 units (13%), residential areas 3 out of 9 (33%) and non residential areas all the 6 units utilizes more than 50% of their installed capacities. Insert table 7 here An attempt has been made to examine the direct reasons for utilizing the capacity to the fullest extent. The various reasons indicated by the entrepreneurs are presented in Table 7. Inadequate market demand and inadequate working capital were equally predominant reasons. 45 out of 85 entrepreneurs stated the above reasons. Irregular and inadequate power supply, reported by 13 entrepreneurs. Inadequate work force (12units), 8 units facing problems from brand products, 8 entrepreneurs stated other reasons like excess tax, technological problems etc. and inadequate raw material reported by 4 entrepreneurs. Out of 4 units which were utilizing their capacity upto 25 percent only 2 stated inadequate working capital as the reason for not utilizing their capacities while 2 units indicated inadequate market demand as the reasons. In the case of ancillaries, mother unit not buying as per the stipulated terms was reported by few units. Thirteen units utilized their capacity between 26 and 50 percent. Among these inadequate market demand appears to be the major problem compared to inadequate working capital. In the third category, 39 units utilized their capacities between 51 and 75 percent. Inadequate market demand posed a big problem compared to the problem of inadequate working capital. The former was reported by 15 units whereas the latter by 5 units. Inadequate workforce and irregular and inadequate supply of power were mentioned by 5 units each and 6 units stated other reasons. Among 29 units which were utilizing above 51 percent of their capacities on an average 5 each were facing the problems of inadequate working capital, inadequate workforce, inadequate market demand, problem of raw material supply, power cut, problems from branded products and other reasons were mentioned by three and two units respectively. The above analysis shows that the problems vary from unit to unit. The reasons could be the different types of growing needs. The analysis indicates that units at both lowest and highest extremes largely faced the problem of finance, whereas the units at medium level mostly faced the problem of marketing. In order of assess the impact, capacity utilisation was taken as the criterion in this study. The capacity utilisation level was divided into four categories: up to 25 percent, between 26 and 50 percent, between 51 and 75 percent, and above 75 percent. The capacity utilisation was examined vis a vis other variable which included the industry group to which they belonged, location of the unit, year of establishment, form of organization, investment in plant and machinery, age of the unit, background of the entrepreneur. The analysis of the study reveals that only 20 percent of the sample units were not in a position to exceed 50 percent of their capacities. But 65 percent of the sample units were unable to reach the 75 percent of their installed capacity. The study of Small Scale Units makes it clear that the form of organization, the area of location, investment in plant and machinery, the background of entrepreneur etc do not influence capacity utilisation. But the various reasons indicated by entrepreneurs say inadequate market demand, inadequate working capital, inadequate raw material inadequate workforce, power failure and competition from branded products were reasons for the underutilization of installed capacity. SUGGESTIONS In order to overcome the bottlenecks faced by the small-scale units following measures are recommended. Inadequate market demand and inadequate working capital are the major problems confronted by the small-scale units. Marketing problem includes inadequate market demand, fluctuations in demand, competition from large industrial units and etc. To solve the problem of inadequate or fluctuating market demand the Government agencies must give small entrepreneurs periodical training and educate them about modern marketing, using flexible pricing, promotion, incentive and other methods to increase demand including the different uses for the same product. Management Institutions can also extend their help to the small-scale units to modernize their marketing techniques. To solve the working capital problem it is better to take the help of professional financial experts say chartered accountants and cost accountants. As well as Institutes like Chartered Accountants or Cost Accountants and Financial Management Institutes should extend their assistance to the small-scale units. Proper manpower planning and adequate wages and salaries can overcome inadequate workforce. Power failure, inadequate supply of power, and load shedding must be avoided. Due to various reasons the Electricity Corporation is not able to prevent their occurrence. The concerned Governments should take interest to improve the power supply. Alternative sources of energy may be made available to the small-scale industries as a part of the National Energy Policy. Other causes such as excessive sales tax, procedural delays and practices can be removed by streamlining the tax structure and the office methods followed. CONCLUSION The cost and value of small-scale industries could benefit a large section of our countrys population, if the resources and efforts of small-scale industries could be more productively used. It is common knowledge that on the one hand surpluses generated are far below normal expectations and on the other obsolescence and industrial sickness among small scale industries threaten to become a net drain. Although the awareness of these issues is now more widespread, the problem of social and economic insecurity prevents effective measures from bringing about the change. The subject of fuller utilisation of capacity, modernization and productivity thus tend to be obscured. But the punishment for inaction will be very heavy. To avoid it the need to change now becomes imperative and unavoidable. Lack of real consultants is adding to the problem. The so called consultants who exist in large numbers, tend to indicate every project as viable as otherwise it affects their own viability and existence. They make every project a success on paper and in reality hardly 20% of the projects register success. The practice of starting enterprise based on exemptions and subsidies is adding to the problem. Thus a deep study of the capacity utilization in small industries is a crying need. The government policy also needs review in the interest of promoting fuller growth of small-scale units and making them viable. In the present study an attempt has been made to examine the capacity utilisation of small-scale industries in Udupi district and the reasons for not utilizing the capacity into the fuller extent. Capacity utilisation was examined taking into account the location of the unit, the industry group to which it belonged, year of establishment, form of organization, investment in plant and machinery, the entrepreneurs background and reasons indicated by the entrepreneur. Now in this era of socio-economic transformation and favorable conditions it is the turn of small-scale industries to rise to the occasion and tell the society that they are capable of producing results.

Addressing Unethical Behavior in the Criminal Justice System Essay

To understand the ethical challenges in the criminal justice system, I took a look at the three parts of criminal justice, Policing, Courts, and Corrections. In doing so I found that this is quite a large topic. The areas I would like to touch on are; those areas in which the newly hired police officer, lawyer, and corrections officer my face. Having only the training he/she was given in their respective academy’s or in the case of attorneys Law School, and with the Oath of office they had just sworn to, hopefully still in, and the men and women they are placed with to guide them; above all their own sense of ethical behavior and morality. Ethics is a very personal thing; it means many things to many people. There is the mind set of â€Å"do unto others as you would have done to you†, the golden Rule, most of us learned early on in life. But as we go through life we start to get our own sense of ethical and moral behavior. We see others acting in a manner in which we would like to act, and wonder how to become more like that person, more times than not, this starts with a parent or sibling, or close family friend. At this early time we are developing our ideas of right and wrong, as well as healthy and unhealthy behaviors. Another area in which some are given a great deal of their ethical and moral values are religion, there is always a reward for doing the right thing, and a punishment for the wrong. Ethics and morality go hand in hand. The ethical and moral values we gather in the early stage of life stay with us though out our adult life. This is where the training in ethics and morality stops. For most of us we go on to live good l... ... solemn oath has a long lasting history, and is held in high regard by many, but few know its meaning. "A solemn affirmation or declaration, made with an appeal to God for truth of what is affirmed. The appeal to God in an oath implies that the person imprecates his vengeance and renounces his favor if the declaration is false, or if the declaration is a promise, the person invokes the vengeance of God if he should fail to fulfill it. A false oath is called perjury."(Webster Dictionary 1828) Works Cited Dr. Frank Kardasz â€Å"Ethics Training For Law Enforcement: Practices and Trends. (2008) Saarbrucken, Germany: VDM Verlag Richard W. De Shon â€Å" Police officer’s Oath of Office a Question of Knowledge† Eastern Michigan University. March 31, 2000 Available at: http://www.emich.edu/cerns/downloads/papers/PoliceStaff/Unsorted/OATH%20&%20ETHICS.pdf

Working During Holidays

Holiday season is here again and retail hours for many businesses both big and small are being extended. stores for â€Å"dragging millions of workers away from family and friends. † The hard truth is that, whether any of us is working on Thanksgiving or not, business is tight these days and the pressures to get work done with fewer resources continue to mount. ethics or a lack of them isn't always easy to see. Two people might undertake the exact same course of action and attain the exact same result. One had fully honorable intentions, while the other had a devious plan from the start.It's not easy, and maybe impossible, to see into the mind of another person and evaluate his true goals and motivations. Exploiting Employees When stores open, they are taking their employees away from their families. I personally feel that the stores are putting the dollar ahead of the welfare of their employees. When stores open, they are taking their employees away from their families no mat ter what day it is. If this is a problem in itself, any employment outside the home (and sometimes inside) is an ethical issue.And if â€Å"taking employees away from their families† is equivalent to â€Å"putting the dollar ahead of the welfare of their employees,† then it’s always doing so, whether or not it happens to be the fourth Thursday in November or the Friday after that. People who choose not to work on Thanksgiving will be hurt if they lose their jobs or miss some of the biggest commissions/tips of the year by not going. If working on Thanksgiving is a deal breaker to you, get a different job. If it’s not, then just get on with it and stop griping about it. It’s like moaning and groaning every time a baby needs a diaper change.It’s just part of the deal. Common Good While most agree that businesses need to make a profit, the concept that businesses exist to increase shareholder value is not unanimous. It has been claimed that busi nesses exist to serve the common good. This is a foundation of socialism, where profit is seen as exploitation of the workers. In America, there has been a push by people such as Ralph Nader, to establish a charter for corporations that would allow government oversight to confirm that corporations are indeed serving the common good.Under this system, if a corporation is determined to be detrimental to the common good, its charter could revoked and the corporation would be forced to stop operating. The problem thus far is that we have two seemingly opposite theories for the role of a business. Using our operating definition of ethics, the ethics for an organization whose role is to make profit are different from the ethics of an organization whose role is to serve the common goal. For a solution, we need a method that combines these conflicting goals into a single (although possibly complex) role.opinions are going to vary on the pros and cons of extended business hours. How strapped for cash are you? Where does your family live? What's your relationship with them like? How sentimental are you about specific holiday rituals? People will differ. This Thanksgiving there are going to be people with jobs at the Gap who wish they weren't working Thanksgiving but feel that they'd lose their jobs if they weren't willing to take an extra shift. There are also going to be people with jobs at Radio Shack who wish they could earn some extra cash and get out from under that credit card debt.

Dylan And The Sad Eyed Lady Of The Lowland Essays - Bob Dylan

Dylan And The Sad Eyed Lady Of The Lowland Essays - Bob Dylan Dylan and the Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowland Regarding significant musical movements in history, more specifically the twenty first century, few were more important than the folk revolution that took shape in the mid-nineteen hundreds. One of the leaders of this revolution was Robert Allen Zimmerman, known by his popular assumed name, Bob Dylan. Born in 1941 in Minnesota, Dylan grew up the grandchild of Jewish-Russian immigrants and had a surprisingly unexceptional childhood. His interest in music became evident in his high school years when he taught himself basic piano and guitar. From these rudimentary skills Dylan would build his knowledge and experience in music to his present status as a forefather of folk music in the rock era. Accordingly, a song from the pinnacle of his career embodies his style and poetic capabilities, acting as a reference point of the music it followed and the music that was to come. Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowland is an unmistakably remarkable example of the work of Bob Dylan in his finest hour. To fully understand the influence of Bob Dylan on the American folk revolution and his importance in the pop culture of today?s youth, one must first understand his background and development musically. First of all Bob Dylan was born in Minnesota, not a particular hub of musical activity. Author Bob Spitz makes a good point concerning Dylan?s birthplace. History has taught us that no matter how we change the environment it is impossible to change the man...After all, anybody is as their land and air is....If that is so, it is no wonder that Bob Dylan became such a luminous amalgam of showmanship and aloofness, spirituality and desolation, eloquence and exaggeration, individuality and schizophrenia. These seesawing extremes, among others, are indigenous to the historical landscape of northern Minnesota. (Spitz 9) For others this might have been a setback but for Dylan it was the perfect environment to nurture his interests, in music specifically. At the age of ten he was writing poems and by thirteen was setting them to music with self-taught piano and guitar skills. Dylan?s interest in music continued to climb as he entered Hibbing High School. During his high school years Dylan would become involved in musical productions and attempt forming many bands with such names as the Golden Chords and Elston Gunn and His Rock Boppers. He began to idolize such new rock stars as Elvis Presley and Jerry Lee Lewis to the point that his high school yearbook listed his goal in life as ?joining Little Richard?. An eighteen year old Dylan left his hometown of Hibbing in the fall of 1959 for college at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. This would be his first taste of the big city and the life that awaited him. The sight and sounds of the big city opened many new vistas for the young Dylan and he took advantage of his situation by studying the roots of contemporary rock. He began to listen to the works of folk pioneers like Hank Williams, Robert Johnson, and Woody Guthrie. At the same time Dylan was beginning to perform solo at local Minneapolis night spots such as the Ten O?Clock Scholar cafe and the St. Paul?s Purple Onion Pizza Parlor. During this time Dylan was honing his guitar skills and harmonica work and developing his famous nasal voice which would become his trademark. Halfway through his college career Dylan decided it was time for a move. He packed up and moved to New York City with two main motivations. His primary motivation was to become part of the Greenwich Village folk-music scene which was burgeoning in the city. His second reason for moving was to meet his idle, Woodie Guthrie, who was in a hospital in New Jersey with a rare hereditary disease. Dylan would succeed on both counts. Not only did he meet Guthrie but he became a fixture at his bedside. As well, Bob Dylan was now a recognizable name among the folk clubs and coffee houses of New York. Dylan had a proficiency at learning songs perfectly the first time he heard them which was admired by his peers that, along with tireless song writing, brought him much acclaim. In the fall of 1961 Dylan?s life would change. A famous music critique saw him perform at Gerde?s Folk City and raved the following day in the New York Times. The result proved to be the break that Bob Dylan had been looking for. No more than a month after Shelton?s review Dylan was signed to

Concept Of Marriage Under Muslim Law Religion Essay Essays

Concept Of Marriage Under Muslim Law Religion Essay Essays Concept Of Marriage Under Muslim Law Religion Essay Essay Concept Of Marriage Under Muslim Law Religion Essay Essay The research worker has adopted a doctrinal signifier of research to make his undertaking. The undertaking entails the research worker to analyse the construct of matrimony under Muslim jurisprudence. Assorted beginnings both primary and secondary beginnings have been consulted for the same. No portion of this undertaking is plagiarized and the undertaking is the original work of the research worker. Introduction To what extent is sharia a fixed set of norms that apply to all Muslims? Many assume that Islamic law regulations can merely be found either by reading the Quran, or by listening to the sentiment of any Muslim priest. They besides assume that all Muslims are bound by the same regulations, and that Islamic law regulations can thusbe enforced across national boundary lines to all Muslims every bit, in the MiddleEast, Africa, Asia, and Europe. But is this correct? And if non, what so is the right apprehension of Islamic laws? When people refer to the Islamic law, they are, in fact, mentioning to their Islamic laws in the name of the ageless will of the Almighty God. The assortment of significances of Islamic law has given rise to a flexible, multi-interpretable discourse about Islamic law and jurisprudence which moves swimmingly from one significance of Islamic law to another. Marriage or Nikah in Islamic jurisprudence is a contract pure and simple necessitating no authorship and no frightened rites. All that is necessary is offer and credence made in the presence and hearing of two male or female informants and entering the factum of matrimony in the Nikah Register maintained in every mosque signed by the parties and attested by informants. It is collectible to the married woman on the disintegration of matrimony or decease or divorce. In India, there is no demand to register the Muslim matrimony, as there is no jurisprudence necessitating enrollment. I am thankful to Dr.Vijender Kumar to give me this valuable chance to make a undertaking on The Concept of Marriage under Muslim Law . We have seen, it is the household jurisprudence that has ever represented the really bosom of the Sharia, for it is this portion of the jurisprudence that is regarded by the Muslims as come ining into the really warp and weft of their faith. By and large talking, in the jurisprudence of the household entirely that the Sharia is still applied to some four hundred million Muslims, for it is virtually merely in the Arabian Peninsula, Afghanistan, Northern Nigeria that the Sharia is applied today, as such, outside the domain of household dealingss and personal position. It is exactly in respects to the jurisprudence of matrimony and divorce that the conflict is joined today between the forces of conservativism and and advancement in the Muslim universe, and the vicissitudes of that conflict provide, as we have seen, a gage of societal advancement, a mirror of the progress of modernism in Islam, and an illustration of how a nominally changeless jurisprudence can be changed in pattern. Let us get down so with a drumhead statement of Islamic jurisprudence in these affairs. A Muslim adult female is bound to monogamy, while a Muslim adult male may hold every bit many as four married womans at one time, but no more. In add-on, the Ithna Ashari subdivision of the Shia, entirely, allows him to hold any figure impermanent matrimonies, or matrimony of enjoyment, while all schools allow a adult male to indulge rights of concubinage with his ain female slaves. Any sexual intercourse outside these bounds[ 1 ]constitute zina, or illicit sex dealingss, for which the penalty is decease by lapidating in the instance of an wrongdoer who has of all time consummated a lawful matrimony, and one hundred ciliums in the instance of others. But these punishments can rarely be decently imposed because of the extremely demanding criterion of cogent evidence required, and the rule that such penalties are averted by any circumstance of doubt-besides the fact that Islamic condemnable jurisp rudence has today merely a really limited application. In add-on a Muslim hubby may disown his married woman or married womans at any clip and at his one-sided discretion. So much for a really general sum-up. It is indispensable, nevertheless, foremost to see this against its historical background and so lucubrate it in greater item. Marriages in Islam Islam, unlike other faiths is a strong advocator of matrimony. There is no topographic point for celibacy like, for illustration the Roman Catholic priests and nuns. The prophesier ( pbuh ) has said there is no celibacy in Islam. Marriage is a spiritual responsibility and is accordingly a moral precaution every bit good as a societal necessity. Islam does non equal celibacy with high taqwa / Iman . The prophesier has besides said, Marriage is my tradition who so of all time keeps off there from is non from amongst me . Marriage acts as an mercantile establishment for sexual demands and modulate it so one does non go a slave to his/ her desires. It is a societal necessity because through matrimony, households are established and the household is the cardinal unit of our society. Furthermore, matrimony is the lone legitimate or halal manner to indulge in familiarity between a adult male and a adult female. Islam takes a center of the route place to sexual dealingss, it neither condemns it like certain faiths, nor does it let it freely. Islam urges us to command and modulate our desires, whatever they may be so that we remain dignified and non go like animate beings. Historical Background In pre-Islamic Arabia, it seems, there were several types of matrimony, runing likely from the patrilineal and including the alleged matrimony of impermanent enjoyment. The most respectable signifier, nevertheless, was a patrilinear matrimony in which the groom paid a dowry for, or to, his bride. This has developed no uncertainty, out of the widespread usage of paying bride-wealth to the folk or the household of the bride for the loss of her generative capacity and as a stabilisation both of the brotherhood and of the relation between two households ; but it would look that even before the the coming of Islam the dowry had come to be regarded in Arabia as decently belonging to the bride herself. In any instance this is a feature of the Islamic jurisprudence of matrimony, nevertheless much it is still disregarded in pattern in some quarters. Muslim legal experts frequently in fact employ the simile of sale, and see the dowry as consideration for matrimonial rights-a consideration that constitutes an indispensable component in every Muslim matrimony. Nor is this dowry repayable on divorce, in Islamic jurisprudence, one time the matrimony has been consummated, even where the married woman is chiefly at mistake, except by her ain voluntary understanding. Hanafis, on the other manus, see that an grownup adult female may contract herself in matrimony provided she chooses a hubby who is her equal in regard of household, trade, faith, and so forth ; that merely bush leagues may be given in matrimony without their consent ; and that even bush leagues have an option of disowning such a matrimony when they reach bulk I all instances in which the defender who acted for them was other than male parent or gramps.[ 2 ]The other Sunni schools exclude matrimony by irresistible impulse by any except the male parent or male parent s male parent ( or, in the instance of the Malikis, the male parent or male parent or his executor ) ; but they extend such irresistible impulse, in regard of virgins girls, far beyond bulk. In add-on, a adult male is prohibited from being married, at one and the same clip, to two adult females who would be debarred, were one of them a male, from get marrieding each other ;[ 3 ] An Overview of Concept of Marriage in Muslim Law Islam, unlike other faiths is a strong advocator of matrimony. There is no topographic point of celibacy in Islam like the Roman Catholic priests A ; nuns. The Prophet has said There is no Celibacy in Islam . Marriage acts as an mercantile establishment for sexual demands A ; regulates it so one does nt go break ones back to his/her desires. It is a societal demand because through matrimony, households are established and the households are the cardinal entity of our society. Furthermore matrimony is the lone legitimate or halal manner to indulge in familiarity between a adult male and adult female. Islamic matrimony although licenses polygamy but it wholly prohibits polyandry. Polygamy though permitted was guarded by several conditions by Prophet but these conditions are non obeyed by the Muslims in toto. Marriage: -Pre Islamic Position Before the birth of Islam there were several traditions in Arab. These traditions were holding several unethical procedures like: ( I ) Buying of miss from parents by paying a amount of money. ( two ) Temporary matrimonies. ( three ) Marriage with two existent sisters at the same time. ( four ) Freeness of giving up and once more accepting adult females. These unethical traditions of the society needed to be abolished ; Islam did it and brought a drastic alteration in the construct of matrimony. Marriage Defined It is quiet relevant to cognize whether the Muslim matrimony is a sacrament like the Hindu matrimony, for this Lashkar-e-Taiba us acquire acquainted with some of the definitions of Muslim matrimony. ( a ) A Hedaya[ 4 ]: Marriage is a legal procedure by which the several procedure and reproduction and legitimation of kids between adult male and adult females is absolutely lawful and valid. ( B ) A Bailies Digest[ 5 ]: A Nikah in Arabic means Union of the series and carries a civil contract for the intents of legalising sexual intercourse and legitimate reproduction of kids. ( degree Celsius ) A Ameer AliA[ 6 ]: Marriage is an organisation for the protection of the society. This is made to protect the society from foulness and unchestity. ( vitamin D ) A Abdur Rahim[ 7 ]: The Mahomedan priests regard the establishment of matrimony as par taking both the nature of Ibadat or devotional humanistic disciplines and Muamlat or traffics among work forces. ( vitamin E ) A Mahmood J.[ 8 ]: Marriage harmonizing to the Mahomedan jurisprudence is non a sacrament but a civil contract. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Under Section 2 of Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act, 1986 Marriage or Nikah among Muslims is a Solemn Pact or Mithaq-e-ghalid between a adult male A ; a adult female beging each others life company, which in jurisprudence takes the signifier of a contract or aqd. It s a affair of question still bing whether Muslim matrimony is merely a civil contract or an Ibadat A ; Muamlat. While unleashing the assorted definitions it s rather a large job to state which 1 is the most appropriate, in my sentiment although the necessities of a contract is fulfilled yet matrimony can neer be said to be a contract because matrimony ever creates a bondage between the emotions and thought of two individual. .J Sarsah Sulaiman[ 9 ]has said In Islam, matrimony is non merely a civil contract but besides a sacrament. Muslim matrimony can besides be differentiated from a civil contract on the footing of following points: ( a ) It can non be done on the footing of future occurrences unlike the contingent contracts. ( B ) Unlike the civil contract it can non be done for a fixed period of clip. ( Muta Marriage being an exclusion. ) Purpose of Marriage The word Zawj is used in the Quran to intend a brace or a mate. The general intent of matrimony is that the sexes can supply company to one another, procreate legitimate kids A ; unrecorded in peace A ; repose to the commandments of Allah. Marriage serves as a mean to emotional amp ; sexual satisfaction and as a mean of tenseness decrease. Marriage compulsory or non? Harmonizing to Imams Abu Hanifa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal A ; Malik ibn Anas, matrimony in Islam is recommendatory, nevertheless in certain persons it becomes Wajib or obligatory. Imam Shafi considers it to Nafl or Mubah ( preferred ) . The general sentiment is that if a individual, male or female frights that if he/she does non get married they will perpetrate fornication, so matrimony becomes Wajib . However, one should non get married if he does non possess the agencies to keep a married woman and future household or if he has no sex thrust or if dislikes kids, or if he feels matrimony will earnestly impact his spiritual duties. Prophet said: When a adult male marries he has fulfilled half of his faith, so allow him fear Allah sing the staying half. This really diction of Prophet marks the importance of matrimony, therefore it could be good concluded that matrimony in Islam is must. Capacity for Marriage The general necessities for matrimony under Islam are as follows: ( I ) Every Mahomedan of sound head and holding attained pubescence can get married. Where there is no cogent evidence or grounds of pubescence the age of pubescence is 15 old ages. ( two ) A minor and insane ( moonstruck ) who have non attained pubescence can be validly contracted in matrimony by their several defenders. ( three ) Consent of party is must. A matrimony of a Mahomedan who is of sound head and has attained pubescence, is null, if there is no consent. Requirements of Muslim Nikah The celebration of a Muslim matrimony requires attachment to certain signifiers and expressions. They are called the necessities of a valid matrimony. If any of these demands is non fulfilled the matrimony becomes either nothingness or irregular, as the instance may be. The necessities are as follows: Proposal and Acceptance Competent Parties No legal Disability Absolute Prohibition There is absolute prohibition of matrimony in instance or relationship of blood kinship which means the relationship of the individual through his/her male parent or female parent on the ascending side, or through his or her ain on the descending side. Marriage among the individuals related by affinity, Internet Explorer, through the married woman is non permitted. Marriage with surrogate female parent and other related through such surrogate female parent is besides null. Relative Prohibitions: Improper concurrence Marrying a 5th married woman Marrying a adult female undergoing iddat Marrying non-Muslim Absence of proper informants Woman undertaking a 2nd matrimony during the subsistence of the first matrimony. The undermentioned matrimonies are besides prohibited: Marrying pregnant adult females Marrying ain divorced married woman Marrying during pilgrims journey Necessities of Marriage The necessities of a valid matrimony are as follows: ( I ) There should be a proposal made by or on behalf of one of the parties to the matrimony, and an credence of the proposal by or on behalf of the other party. ( two ) The proposal and credence must both be expressed at one time meeting. ( three ) The parties must be competent. ( four ) There must be two male or one male A ; two female informants, who must be sane and big Mahomedan nowadays A ; hearing during the matrimony proposal and credence. ( Not needed in Shia Law ) ( V ) Neither composing nor any spiritual ceremonial is needed. Necessities Explored ( I ) A Muslim matrimony requires proposal Ijab from one party and credence Qubul from the other side. This must be done in one posing. ( two ) The credence must be matching to what is being offered. ( three ) The matrimony must be efficaciously immediate. If the Wali says I will get married her to you after two months , there is no matrimony. ( four ) The two parties must be lawfully competent ; i.e. they must be sane and grownup. ( V ) The adult females must non be from the out category. ( six ) The consent given must be free consent, . It must non be an result of irresistible impulse, duess, coercion or undue influence. Kinds of Marriage Under Muslim by and large two types of matrimony is recognizedA ( I ) Regular Marriage ( necessities discussed earlier ) ( two ) Muta matrimony Muta Marriage: Muta matrimony is a impermanent matrimony. Muta matrimony is recognized in Shia merely. Sunni jurisprudence does nt acknowledge it. ( Baillie, 18 ) . A Shia of the male sex may contract a Muta matrimony with a adult female professing the Mahomedan, Christian or Jewish faith, or even with a adult female who is a fire believer but non with any adult female following any other faith. But a Shia adult female can non contract a Muta matrimony with a non Muslim. The necessities of Muta matrimony are: ( 1 ) The period of cohabitation should be fixed. ( 2 ) Dower should be fixed. ( 3 ) If dowry specified, term non specified, it could amount to permanent or regular matrimony. ( 4 ) If term fixed dower non specified, it amounts to invalidate matrimony. Aspects of Marriage ( I ) Valid or Sahih ( two ) Irregular or Fasid ( three ) Void or Batil ( I ) Valid or Sahih Marriage: -A Under the Muslim jurisprudence, a valid matrimony is that which has been constituted in conformity with the indispensable conditioned prescribed earlier. It confers upon the married woman ; the right of dowry, care and abode, imposes on her duty to be faithful and obedient to her hubby, admit sexual intercourse with him A ; observe Iddat. ( two ) Irregular or Fasid Marriage: A Those matrimonies which are result of failures on portion of parties in non fulfilment of requirements but so besides are matrimonies ; to be terminated by one of he party is termed to be Irregular matrimonies. They are outcome of- ( a ) A matrimony without informant ( Not under Shia Law ) ( B ) Marriage with 5th married woman. ( degree Celsius ) Marriage with a adult females undergoing Iddat. ( vitamin D ) Marriage with a fire-worshipper. ( vitamin E ) Marriage result of saloon of improper concurrence. An irregular matrimony has no legal consequence before consummation but when consummated give rise to several rights A ; duties. ( three ) Void or Batil Marriage: A matrimony which is improper from it s get downing. It does non make any civil rights or duties between the parties. The progeny of a null matrimony is illicit. They are outcome of- ( a ) Marriage through forced consent. ( B ) Plurality of hubby. ( degree Celsius ) Marriage prohibited on the land of blood kinship. ( vitamin D ) Marriage prohibited on the land of affinity. ( vitamin E ) Marriage prohibited on the land of fostering. Consequence of Marriage ( Sahih ) The lawful duties which arise after matrimony are as follows- ( I ) Mutual intercourse legalized and the kids so born are legitimate. ( two ) The married woman gets power to acquire Mahr ( three ) The married woman entitles to acquire care. ( four ) The hubby gets right to steer and forbid the married woman s motion ( for valid grounds merely ) ( V ) Right of sequence develops. ( six ) Prohibition of matrimony due to affinity. ( seven ) Women edge to finish Iddat period A ; non to get married during Iddat period ; after divorce or decease of hubby. The ob ligations and rights set between the two parties during and after the matrimony are to be enforced till legality. On the footing of a matrimony hubby and married woman do non acquire the right on one another s belongings. THE MARRIAGE CEREMONY: 1. Battle or Mangni: Does non measure up the hereafter spouses to travel out together, even if the parents consent. Man and adult female become allowable for each other merely after the public presentation of Nikah. 2. Dowry: The unislamic system of demanding and accepting dowery must be avoided at all costs. Shariah does non do any expense officeholder on the bride/bride s parents. Even the matrimony disbursals, it is recommended to be borne by the bridegroom. However, the bride can convey whatever she wants of her free will, and it will ever belong to her. 3. Other Unislamic Customss: Many other unislamic imposts have crept into the matrimony ceremonial of some Muslims. These imposts are either borrowed from non-Muslim civilizations or go on because they are established in past coevalss. One must avoid them if they are against the Shariah, even if some people are displeased. Other imposts like the breakage of coconut etc. besides do non have among the Islamic rites. All actions, imposts etc. , which show discourtesy to Islam or weaken the importance of Islam, have to be avoided. 4. Haraam Acts: Some of the rites in matrimony ceremonials are perfectly Haraam like the playing of music. It is besides Haraam for ladies to travel for assorted assemblages without proper Hijab. Such things invite godly wrath and take away the approvals of this auspicious juncture. In the Islamic Law, matrimony is an Aqd, a contract. The constituents of this contract are as follows: A. Proposal: In Islam the procedure of proposal by a adult male to a adult female for her manus in matrimony, or for that affair, to her household, is encouraged. Islam considers this natural, and recommends it as an act of reputability and self-respect for adult females. B. Mahr: And the intending hubby is asked to offer a Mahr to the bride. Holy Quran says, And give adult females their Mahr as a free gift, but if they of themselves be pleased to give up to you a part of it, so eat it with enjoyment and with wholesome consequence. ( Surah Nisa 4:4 ) The undermentioned points are worthy of consideration: a ) Mahr must be agreed upon by the get marrieding spouses themselves, non by parents. B ) Mahr is her right, to which her hubby remains indebted. degree Celsius ) It is a free gift and non her monetary value. The Mahr may be hard currency, sort or non-material ( like preparation or learning something ) . It can be paid up front or can be in signifier of promise to pay upon demands decided prior to the celebration of matrimony. Moajjal ( immediate ) , Muwajjal and Indat-talab ( on demand ) . However, it is much recommended to pay it before or at the clip of Nikah itself. C. The Nikah Ceremony: Harmonizing to Shariah, the wife-to-be says, An Kahtu nafsaka alal mahril maloom . ( I have given away myself in Nikah to you, on the agreed Mahr. ) .Immediately, the adult male ( bridegroom ) says, Qabiltun Nikaha . ( I have accepted the Nikah. ) .With these dictums, they become hubby and married woman. If the marrying spouses are non able to declaim the expression in Arabic, one or two individuals or priests are appointed and authorized to officiate. One who represents the bride would foremost seek her expressed consent to officiate on her behalf, and so would the other who acts on behalf of the groom. Naturally, there would be a little fluctuation in the dictums, because the individuals declaiming them are appointees. A individual who represents the bride would originate by stating, Ankahtu muwakkilati muwakkilaka alal mahril maloom. ( I give off in Nikah the adult female who has therefore appointed and authorized me, to the adult male who has authorized you, on an in agreement Mahr. ) The groom s representative would react, Qabiltunnikaaha limuwakkili alal mahril maloom. ( I accept the Nikah on behalf of the 1 who has appointed me, on the agreed Mahr. ) It is mustahab to declaim a brief discourse or Khutba before the Nikah expression is enunciated. In this Khutba, Allah is praised for His Wisdom in modulating the lawful procedure of reproduction, and so the traditions from Holy Prophet Muhammad ( s.a.w. ) are besides recited. D. Time of Marriage Ceremony: Though fundamentally matrimony is allowed at all times, there are some yearss on which matrimony is non recommended ; some of these are based on ahadith and some on cultural, historical reasons.Generally, we can categorise these yearss into three: ( a ) There are some ahadith which say that it is makruh ( non recommended ) to hold a matrimony ceremonial on the yearss when the Moon is in the configuration of Scorpio ( this is known as al-qamar fil aqrab or qamar dar aqrab ) , during the last two or three yearss of the lunar months, and on Wednesdays. ( B ) There are certain yearss of the Islamic calendar, which have become associated with the early events of the Islamic history ; for illustration, the 10th of Muharram is the twenty-four hours of mourning for the slaughter at Karbala or the twenty-four hours of Holy Prophet Muhammad s ( s.a.w. ) decease in Safar, etc. Since such yearss are commemorated by the Muslims as yearss of bereavement, it is sociall y and, to some extent, sacredly non recommended to hold a matrimony ceremonial on such yearss. Shia Ithna Ashari ( Twelver Shias ) , particularly in India and Pakistan, seldom perform matrimony ceremonial between the 1st of Muharram and the 8th of Rabi al-Awwal as this period includes the bereavement yearss of Muharram culminating in the martyrdom of Imam Askari ( a.s. ) . The 9th Rabi al-Awwal is celebrated as Eid-e-Zahra..If there is a demand, nevertheless, Nikah, can be performed at any clip. E. Permission of the Bride-to-be/Father: The miss s consent is necessary and has to be taken by her representative, straight. In instance of a virgin/spinster the male parent s or the gramps s permission is besides necessary. However if the permission is unreasonably withheld under some conditions or the miss has no father/paternal gramps it is non necessary. However, a adult female who is non a virgin, does non necessitate any permission in instance of remarriage. Decision Marriage is a spiritual responsibility of every Muslim and it is considered to be a moral precaution and a societal demand. The Prophet has besides said Marriage is my tradition whosoever keeps off there from is non from amongst me. Holy Quran says: And marry those among you who are individual and those who are fit among your male slaves and your female slaves ; if they are destitute, Allah will do them free from want out of His grace ; and Allah is Ample-giving, Knowing. ( Surah Nur 24:32 ) .The above ayat begins with the words Wa Ankehoo ( And get married ) The imperative signifier of the word nikah implies that either it is obligatory or extremely recommended. Harmonizing to bookmans, though matrimony is a extremely recommended act, it becomes obligatory when there is a opportunity of falling into sin.Holy Prophet Muhammad ( s.a.w. ) says, No house has been built in Islam more beloved in the sight of Allah than through matrimony. On another juncture Holy Prophet Muhammad ( s.a.w. ) said: The best people of my state ( Ummat ) are those who get married and have chosen their married womans, and the worst people of my state are those who have kept off from matrimony and are go throughing their lives as unmarried mans. Imam Ali ( a.s. ) exhorts, Marry, because matrimony is the tradition of Holy Prophet Muhammad ( s.a.w. ) . Holy Prophet Muhammad ( s.a.w. ) besides said, Whosoever likes to follow my tradition, so he should cognize that matrimony is from my tradition. Unlike Hindu where the matrimony is a sacrament, matrimonies in Muslims have a nature of civil contract. Marriage is necessary for the legitimization of a kid. When the matrimony is done in conformity to the prescribed norms it creates assorted rights and duties on both the parties.

139 DB wk4 KJ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

139 DB wk4 KJ - Essay Example These people are governed by a common set of workforce principles (Waxer). Cirque du Soleil encourages its employees to contribute to the organization. As a result, Cirque du Soleil shows represent a blend of global influences and are well appreciated by people all over the world. Cirque du Soleil is a good corporate citizen as it dutifully discharges its corporate social responsibility. Cirque du Soleil has reached dizzy heights and has an international presence. The company’s founder Guy Lalibertà © has not forgotten his humble past and therefore helps underprivileged sections of the society. The company sets aside one percent of its revenue for outreach programs to help at-risk kids. Cirque du Soleil recognizes the importance of paying back to the communities in which it operates. These social initiatives enable Cirque du Soleil gain international goodwill. Ethnocentrism, the belief that one’s own ethnic and cultural group is important, plays a significant role in fulfilling this social role. Cirque du Soleil’s own team represents varied cultures from all over the world. People from diverse regions, beliefs and attitudes are treated with respect and dignity. The organization extends the same feeling of equality while contributing meaningfully to 80 communities in more than 20 countries (Cirque du

Managing Workplace Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Workplace Diversity - Essay Example Also there is apprehension about the fact organisations will be confronting with the problems of utilising the human potential completely from them. This calls for the need for managing the diverse workplace. It is believed that organisations not able to manage diversity are unable to utilise the full potential of their workforce. Moreover this makes their survival difficult and creates an extremely complex business condition under which the company is not able to grow at its full potential (Wentling, n.d.). Numerous researches have been going on around the world to study the trend and status of the diversity initiatives taking place in workplaces. The project presents the major findings from the researches. This includes the various barriers in working within diversity and also includes the reasons for the implementation of the diverse strategies or the effective initiatives. The main purpose of the project is to bring forth the impact of cultural diversity in organisations. In this regard, it presents secondary data on cultural diversity. Cultural diversity may give rise to mis-communications and eventually lower the effectiveness of the groups in the organisation. Examining the selective factors like cultural diversity from among a wide diversity climate is the prime concern of the project. The project presents the trends in such diversities and how the subject has evoked special interest among human resource professionals in organisations. In this regards, the present challenges and benefits that organisations enjoy are presented. Special emphasis has been provided to the management of workplace diversity and the way in which they can be implemented in organisations. Workplace diversity has been especially emphasised with regards to the hospitals in UK. Finally the project ends with the presentation of the recommendations of the management and implementation of a diverse workplace culture. Conceptual Framework of the subject Workplace Diversity Extensive re search has been conducted by experts across the world which has brought out the meaning and definition of diversity. Diversity includes everybody and this is the reason why it must be given value. Different employees bring along with them the differences to the place of work, which includes the group identity differences as well. Organisations have tried using this diversity for accomplishing both individual and organisation goals. However, there are instances where organisations have demonstrated biasness towards particular groups. There have been efforts for removing such biasness (Wentling, n.d.). Diversity in the workplace refers to the various differences arising among people in organisations. Diversity may include race, gender, age, personality, ethnic group, cognitive style, tenure, education, organisational function, background etc. Out of the above aspects of diversity the project aims to emphasise on the cultural and ethnic diversity in organisations. The cultural or ethni c heritage carried by an individual determines the extent to which he or she identifies himself or herself with the group he works with.